主题：自考“英语（一）”笔记（21——30）

3. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.

　　本句中的第一个that 引导的又是一个宾语从句，而后一个that 引导的是定语从句，修饰enemies.请看下面的句子：

　　1） He is a man that you can rely on.（他是一个你可以依靠的人。）

　　2） She gave me some books that I am really interested in.（她给了我一些我很感兴趣的书。）

　　3） I would never forget the two years that I spent in that village.

　　（我永远也不会忘记我在那个村子里度过的两年时光。）

　　本句中them brave 是make 的复合宾语，请看下面的句子：

　　1） Don't wait for him. He will make us late.（别等他了，他会使我们迟到的。）

　　2） He was afraid that the story would make things worse.（他担心那个故事会使事情更糟。）

　　3） I didn't know that the news had been made public.（我不知道这个消息已经公开了。）

　　4. It was once thought …

　　Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty.

　　Tomatoes were believed to have magical powers

　　They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.

　　上面的这些句子全部用的是被动语态。请翻译下面的句子：

　　1） 孩子们受到很好的照顾。（The children are well taken care of.）

　　2） 这个问题最近被谈论得很多。（This question has been much talked about recently.）

　　3） 体育代表团在机场受到了热烈欢迎。（The sports delegation was given a warm welcome at the airport.）

　　4） 那里讲什么语言？（What language is spoken there？）

　　5） 这本书是为儿童写的。（This book is written form children.）

　　6） 他被认为是这个工作的最佳人选。（He is thought to be the best candidate for the job.）

　　suppose 是一个常用词，请注意掌握。

　　1） I suppose it was reasonable for him to want his money back.（我看他想要回他的钱是合理的。）

　　2） I suppose the answer is that he was not so hardworking.（我想答案在于他不够刻苦。）

　　3） The situation was even worse than was supposed.（形势比料想的更糟糕。）

　　4） Who do you suppose is the right person for the job？（你认为谁是这个工作的合适人选？）

　　5） I am not supposed to talk to you about this.（我不能和你谈这个。）

　　6） He was supposed to leave for Shanghai last night.（他应该昨夜动身去上海。）

　　7） Suppose / Supposing something should go wrong， what would you do？（如果有了什么差错，你怎么办？）

　　5. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during WWII.

　　“how surprised the people would be”是主句，这是一个感叹句；who 引导的定语从句修饰people；if 引导的是条件状语从句。

　　感叹句通常用what 或how 引起。what 用来修饰一个名词，how 修饰一个形容词，副词或动词。请看下面的句子：

　　1） What a kind-hearted man he is！（他是一个多么好心的人啊！）

　　2） What good news it is！（多好的消息啊！）

　　3） What a beautiful city！（多美的城市啊！）

　　4） How lovely the children are！（多可爱的孩子啊！）

　　5） How well she writes.（她写得多好啊！）

　　6） How I hated all this.（我多恨这一切啊！）

　　6. One such idea is that fish is the best brain food.

　　本句中that 引导的是一个表语从句。请看下面的句子：

　　1） My suggestion is that we should leave right now.（我的建议是我们现在就离开。）

　　2） What is troubling me is that I don't have much experience in teaching.

　　（使我苦恼的是我在教学方面的经验不多。）

　　3） My idea is that we offer them more help.（我的意思是我们给他们提供更多的帮助。）

　　4） The fact is that we don't have enough hands.（事实是我们人手不够。）

　　7. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea.

　　substitute for 是一个常用词组，意思是“代替，代用品”；substitute也可以做动词用，意思是“替代”。请看例句：

　　1） Don't you think it a good idea to use plastic as a substitute for wood？

　　（你觉得用塑料做木材的代用品是个好主意吗？）

　　2） Daydreaming cannot substitute for hard work.（白日梦不能取代辛勤的努力。）

　　3）A middle-aged woman substituted for the English teacher during her absence.

　　（英语老师不在时，由一位中年妇女代替。）

　　8. Many people think of bread as a carbohydrate food.

　　think of … as是一个习惯用法，意思是“把…看作是…”，“认为…是…”。请看下面的句子：

　　1） People think of him as a hero.（人们把他看作英雄。）

　　2） He thinks of himself as the most important member of the family.（他认为自己是最重要的家庭成员。）

　　3） The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation.（黄河被看作是中华民族的摇篮。）

　　与think of …as 意思相近的习惯用法还有regard …as；consider…as；look upon…as；view…as；see …as 等等。

　　本课主要词组

　　1. be eager to　　　　　　　　　2. be supposed to

　　3. fall in love　　　　　　　　　 4. grow up

　　5. be supplied to　　　　　　　　6. substitute for

　　7. have sth. to do with　　　　　　8. at the meal

　　9. as a matter of fact　　　　　　 10. think of …as…

　　11. in the same way

　　本课主要句型

　　宾语从句

　　1. Many people believe that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.

　　2. They thought eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.

　　3. Some savage tribes believe that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.

表语从句

　　1. One idea was that fish is the best brain food.

　　2. Another idea is that you should not drink water with meals.

　　3. The reason was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.

　　4. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream …for a poisonous combination.

　　5. Still another idea is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal.

　　感叹句

　　1. How surprised that people…would be …。

　　形容词，副词的比较级和最高级

　　1. They thought eating deer would make them run as fast as deer.

　　2. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.

　　3. One such idea is that fish is the best brain food.

　　4. Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin and bone food.

　　5. But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.

　　6. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.

　　Text B  Do Animals Think？

　　短语表达

　　1. a great deal

　　There is a great deal of concern about energy shortage.

　　We learned a great deal from her.

　　2. be like

　　Look at the little boy， he is so much like his father.

　　War is not like what he described in his novel.

　　3. have time for

　　I don't know why he didn't have time for breakfast.

　　Don't worry， we will have enough time for discussion.

　　4. engage in

　　He is trying very hard to engage the woman in further conversation.

　　It is not appropriate for a former president to engage in commerce.

　　5. take care of

　　The old people are well taken care of in the nursing homes.

　　She took care of her little brother while mother was away.

　　6. in some / many respects

　　in one / this respect

　　He is different from the people around him in many respects.

　　We are lagging behind at least in one respect.

　　7. except

　　I knew nothing about Jane except what I had heard at the party.

　　There was nothing we could do except wait and pray.

　　All the boys except Tom went camping last week.

　　In the evening she never went anywhere except to the nearest coffee house.

　　8. connect with

　　There is no evidence to connect the young man with the theft.

　　Good health is connected with diet.

　　There are serious questions connected with the radioactive waste disposal （放射性废料的处理）。

　　9. make improvement in

　　The company made great improvement in the wages and working conditions of the employees.

　　Animals do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things.

　　10. by instinct

　　She knew by instinct that he wouldn't be back.

　　Birds build their nests by instinct.

　　11. speak of

　　Professor Blackwell always speaks highly of his assistant.

　　Did he speak of the serious earthquake that struck Taiwan last week？

　　12. let out

　　“Let me out，” the boy shouted，but nobody came.

　　The prisoners were let out of their cells.

　　13. as if

　　He looked at me as if I were mad.

　　She opened her eyes as if conscious of my gaze.

　　He works so hard as if he never knew fatigue.

　　14. have one's wits about one〔机警，保持警觉〕

　　In this part of the city you have to have your wits about you all the time.

　　He felt it unnecessary to have his wits about him on such a friendly occasion.

　　15. a variety of

　　Don't bother him， he has a variety of duties to perform.

　　The college library has a wide variety of books.

　　16. difference between

　　Will you please tell me the difference between the two countries？

　　I cannot see any difference between the two oil paintings.

Text A   Diamonds

　　本课主要单词

　　1. rare   adj. 稀有的，难得的

　　These animals are so rare that I would do whatever I can to save them.

　　〔这些动物很稀有，我会尽我所能去保护它们。〕

　　On the rare occasions when the old lady had any post， the little boy downstairs would go and get it for her.

　　〔老太太难得有信，只要有信总是楼下的小男孩帮她去拿。〕

　　Snow is rare in this part of China.〔中国的这个地区难得下雪。〕

　　It is very rare for him to say “Sorry” to any others.〔他难得会对任何人说“对不起”。〕

　　Believe it or not， she is a rare beauty.〔信不信由你，她是一个百里挑一的美人。〕

　　a rare word〔冷僻的词〕　    　rare metals〔稀有金属〕

　　a rare disease（罕见的疾病）　　a rare medicinal herb〔珍奇药草〕

　　2. substance n. 物质；实质；大意；根据

　　They were trying to remove harmful substances from the soil.〔他们正设法去除土壤里的有害物质。〕

　　Ice， snow and water are the same substance in different forms.〔冰、雪、水是同一物质的三种不同形式。〕

　　What was the point of going to a lecture with little substance？

　　〔去听一个没有什么内容的讲座有什么意义呢？〕

　　What he is saying in substance is that we should take effective measures to prevent pollution.

　　〔他大体上说的是我们应该采取有效措施防止污染。〕

　　There was no substance in his complaints.〔他的抱怨没有道理。〕

　　3. slight adj. 轻微的；纤细的

　　Mother said she had a slight headache.〔妈妈说她有点头疼。〕

　　I didn't have the slightest idea about what had happened.〔我一点都不知道发生了什么事。〕

　　His chances of winning the election are very slight.〔他在选举中获胜的可能性极小。〕

　　He is too slight to play football.〔他太纤细，不能踢足球。〕

　　4. extreme adj. 极端的，极度的；尽头的　　　　n. 极端

　　He died in extreme poverty.〔他在极度贫困中死去。〕

　　You have to proceed your work with extreme caution.〔你得极其谨慎地继续你的工作。〕

　　Extreme action will be taken if necessary.〔如有必要，我们将采取最严厉的行动。〕

　　His hospitality was carried to an extreme.〔他好客得过分了。〕

　　She found the book uninteresting to the extreme.〔她觉得那本书没意思透了。〕

　　extreme joy/pain 〔极度的欢乐/痛苦〕 an extreme of sadness〔极度伤心〕

　　go from one extreme to the other〔从一个极端走到另一个极端〕

　　go to the other extreme 〔走到另一个极端〕

　　in the extreme〔极度，非常〕

　　extremes of poverty and wealth〔贫富的两极〕

　　5. pressure n. 压力，压强

　　The water pressure may need adjusting.〔水压可能需要调整。〕

　　It was a pressure of five tons per square meter.〔每平方米的压力为五吨。〕

　　Heavy study load and great expectation from parents may give children too much pressure.

　　〔沉重的学习负担以及家长的过高期望可能会给孩子太大的压力。〕

　　He was under constant pressure from his superiors.〔他的上司不断地给他压力。〕

　　The doctor said this medicine could counteract his high blood pressure.〔医生说这种药能遏制他的高血压。〕

　　6. liquid adj. 液体的，液态的；清澈的，明亮的　　　　n. 液体

　　The doctor put the patient on a liquid diet.〔医生规定那位病人吃流质。〕

　　The little girl with large liquid eyes is my sister.〔那个长着一双水汪汪的大眼睛的小姑娘是我妹妹。〕

　　She poured out a large quantity of yellowish liquid from a bottle.〔她从一个瓶子里倒出了许多黄色的液体。〕

　　7. crack n. 裂缝　　　　v. 破裂；打开

　　She found a crack in one of the tea-cups.〔她发现一只茶杯上有裂缝。〕

　　He heard the cracks of rifle fire in the distance.〔他听到了远处的步枪声。〕

　　He asked his mother to crack some eggs for him.〔他请妈妈帮他敲碎几个鸡蛋。〕

　　His face cracked with a broad smile. 〔他咧开嘴笑了。〕

　　The phone cracked the room's quiet.〔电话铃声打破了房间的寂静。〕

　　They were unable to crack a highly competitive sales market.〔他们无法打进竞争激烈的销售市场。〕

　　8. crust n. 地壳；面包皮，外皮

　　There are some brownish bread crusts on the dining table.〔餐桌上有一些棕色的面包皮。〕

　　The white snow had a fine crust on the trees.〔树上覆盖着一层美丽的白雪。〕

　　The continuous movements of the earth's crust may lead to earthquakes.〔地壳的不断运动引发了地震。〕

　　It is very dangerous to walk on the thin crust of ice.〔在这样一层薄冰上行走是很危险的。〕

　　9. crystal n. 水晶；晶粒　　　　adj. 清澈透明的

　　Mother gave her a necklace of crystals as a birthday present.〔妈妈给她一条水晶珠项链作为生日礼物。〕

　　The old woman looked into the crystal ball for a while before telling my fortune.

　　〔老妇人朝水晶球里看了一会，然后给我算命。〕

　　I've made my point crystal clear that I would never agree to such a proposal.

　　〔我已经表明了我的观点，绝不同意这个提议。〕

　　10. popular adj. 流行的，大众的；普及的；受欢迎的

　　Popular music is well liked by young people.〔流行音乐深受年轻人的喜爱。〕

　　Swimming is a sport popular with people of all ages.〔游泳是老老少少都喜欢的体育运动。〕

　　He has always been popular with / among boys in his community.

　　〔他一直广受他那个社区的男孩子们的喜欢。〕

　　This restaurant offers meals at popular prices.〔这家饭店供应价格大众化的饭菜。〕

　　He is a good politician but he is not very popular among the people.〔他很会搞政治，但是不得民心。〕

　　11. handful n. 一把，一小撮

　　He told the doctor that his hair fell out in handfuls.（他对医生说他的头发一把一把地脱落。）

　　The naughty boy gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them in the lake.

　　〔那个调皮的男孩手里聚了一把石块，并把石块往湖里扔。〕

　　He gave me nothing except for a handful of books.〔除了少量的几本书他什么也没给我。〕

　　注意：一般来说，-ful是一个形容词后缀，加在名词后面可以构成形容词，比如：careful，helpful，useful，hopeful等等。而在handful这个单词中，-ful是一个名词后缀，加在某些名词的后面，表示“充满…所需的量”，比如：roomful，basketful，mouthful，spoonful等等。

　　12. formation n. 岩层；形成，构成

　　Most diamonds are mined from rock formations inside the earth.

　　〔大多数钻石都是从地下的岩层里开采出来的。〕

　　The formation of good habits is very important for a child.〔好习惯的养成对孩子来说很重要。〕

　　The teacher is explaining to the students the formation of the new word.

　　〔老师正对学生们解释那个新词的构成。〕

　　The peculiar formation of human brain drew the attention of researchers in many fields.

　　〔人脑的奇特构造吸引了许多领域的研究人员。〕

　　13. pipe n. 管子，导管；烟斗　　　v.用管道输送

　　Tell the pipelayer that he has to be careful with the gas pipe.〔告诉管道安装工煤气管道要小心。〕

　　The old man was sitting in the corner smoking a pipe.〔那个老人坐在角落里抽着烟斗。〕

　　It won't be very troublesome to pipe water into the house.〔用管道把水送进屋里不会很麻烦。〕

　　14. somewhat adv. 稍微，有点

　　It is somewhat difficult for him to answer the question.（要他回答这个问题有点难。）

　　I felt somewhat awkward when I couldn't remember his name.〔当我记不起他的名字时，我有点尴尬。〕

　　The working conditions in this factory have somewhat improved.〔这家工厂的工作条件已有所改善。〕

15. blast n. 疾风，强风；爆炸　　　v.炸，炸掉

　　A blast of cold air sent a shiver all over his body.〔一股冷气使他浑身战栗。〕

　　Furious blasts of thunder frightened everybody.〔一阵阵的霹雳炸雷吓坏了所有的人。〕

　　The driver blasted the horn continuously.〔司机不停地按喇叭。〕

　　Rock music blasted from the hall and the whole building seemed to be shaking.

　　〔震天的摇滚乐从客厅传来，整座房子似乎都在摇动。〕

　　They decided to blast through the mountains. 〔他们打算炸山开路。〕

　　16.crush v. 压碎；镇压，压倒

　　The machine can crush rocks into powder.〔那台机器能把石头碾成粉末。〕

　　You must remember poverty should not crush one's spirit.〔你必须记住不应该因贫困而意志消沉。〕

　　We didn't expect that they would crush us into this tiny room.

　　〔我们没有料到他们会让我们挤在这个小房间里。〕

　　Can you imagine that debts are crushing them？〔你能想像到债务正压得他们喘不过气来吗？〕

　　17. destroy v. 破坏，毁灭；消灭

　　Several buildings were destroyed by the bomb.〔几座建筑物都被炸弹炸毁了。〕

　　He destroyed the letter as soon as he had read it.〔他一读完就把信毁了。〕

　　I really don't want to destroy the friendship between us.〔我真不想毁坏我们之间的友谊。〕

　　The loss of his wife and son finally destroyed him.〔失去妻儿最终击败了他。〕

　　This poison can destroy rats.〔这种毒药可灭鼠。〕

　　18. impressive adj.给人深刻印象的，感人的

　　impression n. 印象

　　impress v. 给…极深的印象

　　She is trying to build an impressive international reputation.〔她正努力建立令人难忘的国际声誉。〕

　　She said that all the places she had visited in China were impressive.

　　〔她说她所游览过的中国的每一个地方都给她留下了深刻的印象。〕

　　What are your impressions of Beijing？〔你对北京有何观感？〕

　　I had the impression that he was a teacher.〔我记得他好像是个老师。〕

　　What impressed me most were the great changes in this city.〔给我印象最深的是这座城市的巨大变化。〕

　　She wants to impress her new boss with her diligence.（她想以勤奋加深老板对她的印象。）

　　19. experience n 经验；经历　　　　v. 经历，遭受

　　experienced adj. 有经验的

　　With no teaching experience my chances of getting the job are slight.

　　〔我没有教学经验，得到这份工作的可能性很小。〕

　　He is a man of rich experience.〔他是一个经验丰富的人。〕

　　Everyone can learn a lot from his own experience.〔每一个人都从自己的经历中学到很多东西。〕

　　His experience in the country could be used as material for his writing.

　　〔他在农村的经历可以作为他的写作素材。〕

　　He experienced a lot of hardships when he was abroad.〔他在国外时经历了许多艰辛。〕

　　We need someone more experienced to help us.〔我们需要更有经验的人来帮助我们。〕

　　He is more experienced than I am in planting trees.〔在植树方面他比我有经验。〕

　　20. immediately adv. 即刻地；紧密地

　　immediate adj. 立刻的；最接近的

　　He said he had to go to the hospital immediately.〔他说他得立即去医院。〕

　　She finished one cup of coffee and asked for another immediately.〔她喝完一杯咖啡马上又要了一杯。〕

　　The post office is immediately next to the bank.〔邮局紧挨着银行。〕

　　You have to give them an immediate reply.〔你得立刻答复他们。〕

　　It is necessary that you get the support from your immediate superior.〔你必须得到顶头上司的支持。〕

　　本课主要构词法

　　affixation（词缀法）

　　1.形容词后缀 -ful　　　　beautiful，useful，

　　2.形容词后缀 -ive　　　　impressive

　　3.形容词后缀 -y　　　 　greasy

　　4.名词后缀 -ation　　　　combination，formation

　　5.名词后缀 -ure　　 　　pressure

　　6.名词后缀 -y　　　  　discovery

　　7.名词后缀 -er　　　  　traveler，miner

　　8.名词后缀 -ful　　　 　handful

　　9.副词后缀 -ly　　　  　finally，probably，immediately，carefully，

　　10.副词后缀 -ward　　 　upward

　　课文简介

　　本课主要介绍了钻石的特性、形成、分布以及开采方式。读了本课，你会了解钻石的形成与数百万年前的地壳运动有关；你也会了解深受上至达官贵人下至普通百姓喜爱的“恒久远”的钻石在刚开采出来时并不光彩照人。

　　本课语言点

　　1. They are the hardest substance found in nature.

　　本句中found in nature是定语从句，修饰substance.定语从句中省略了that are.这种省略现象在定语从句中很常见，在前几个单元中，我们遇到过多次。请看下面的句子：

　　1） There are many books （that） I'd like to read. （有很多书我想看。）

　　2） He is a man （that） we all like and trust. （他是一个我们大家喜欢和信赖的人。）

　　3） This is the most interesting film （that） I have ever seen. （这是我看过的最有意思的电影）

　　先行词的前面有形容词最高级时，定语从句必须用that引导，而不用which.请看下面的句子：

　　1） This is the most beautiful place （that） I have ever visited. （这是我游览过的最美丽的地方。）

　　2） This is the most serious problem （that） we have ever met. （这是我们遇到过的最严重的问题。）

　　3） They are the richest people （that are） living in this area. （他们是住在这一地区的最富有的人。）

　　本句中的hardest意思为“坚硬的”“坚固的”，而不是“困难的”。请看下面的句子：

　　1） This nut is as hard as rock. （这果子硬得像岩石。）

　　2） He found it hard to make friends. （他觉得交朋友很困难。）

　　2. That means a diamond can cut any other surface. And only another diamond can make a slight cut in a diamond.

　　mean是一个很常见的词，本句中的意思是“意味着”。mean还有“意欲，企图，打算”的意思。请看下面的句子，注意mean在各句中的意思和用法：

　　1） What do you mean by saying this to me？ （你对我说这个是什么意思？）

　　2） Friendship means everything to him. （友谊对他来说意味着一切。）

　　3） The teacher's praise meant so much to the children. （老师的表扬对孩子们来说很重要。）

　　4） I'm serious about this. I mean what I say. （我对此事是认真的，我说话算数。）

　　5） I'm sorry， I didn’t mean to hurt you. （对不起，我无意伤害你。）

　　6） They meant to finish the work ahead of time. （他们的打算是提前完成这项工作。）

　　7） I meant to call you but I forgot. （我原打算给你打电话的，但我忘记了。）

　　cut在前一个句子中做动词用，意思是“切割”，在后一个句子中做名词用，意思是“切面”。

　　1） Who will cut the ribbon for the exhibition？ （谁将为展览会剪彩？）

　　2） I am going to have my hair cut today. （今天我要去理发。）

　　3） The icy wind cut him to the bone. （他感到寒风刺骨。）

　　4） The old man is cutting a figure in stone. （那位老人正在雕刻石像。）

　　5） I had some cuts and bruises on my arms， but I'm ok. （我的臂上有些伤口和擦伤，但我没什么问题。）

　　6） He made a smooth cut on the marble. （他在大理石上留下一个光滑的切面。）

3. Diamonds are made from carbon.

　　由……制成，可以用be made from和be made of两个词组来表达。但是be made from通常指制成品已看不出原材料是什么，而be made of可以看出该物品由什么材料制成的。如：

　　1） Paper is made from some plants. （纸是由某些植物制成的。）

　　2） This beer is made from grain. （这种啤酒是用粮食酿制的。）

　　3） The houses were made of brick. （这些房屋是砖造的。）

　　4） This toy is made of cotton. （这个玩具是布做的。）

　　4. Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into diamonds.

　　extreme在句中做形容词用，意思是“极度的”，如：

　　1） Extreme cold can wake a hibernating animal. （极度的寒冷能使正在冬眠的动物苏醒。）

　　2） They will have to endure extreme discomfort in winter. （冬天时，他们将不得不忍受极度的不适。）

　　change…into意思是“把…转变为…”，如：

　　1） Water changes into vapour when heated. （水加热后转变为蒸气。）

　　2） Go to the bank and you can easily change these dollars into RMB. （你去银行就能很容易地把这些美元换成人民币。）

　　5. Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot， liquid mass of molten rock deep inside the earth.

　　请注意such与so之间的不同用法。such后面接名词，而so后面接形容词或副词。如：

　　1） I don't believe he could make such a mistake. （我相信他不会犯这样的错误的。）

　　2） How can you go out on such a rainy day？ （在这样的雨天里，你怎么能出门？）

　　3） He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow. （他说话太快，我听不懂。）

　　4） I'm so glad you could come. （你能来我真高兴。）

　　mass在本句中的意思是“（聚成一体的）团、块”，比如：

　　1） a mass of hot air（一团热气）

　　2） a mass of sand（一堆沙）

　　3） Rain occurs when a mass of warm air is laden with water. （一团云聚集大量的水蒸气就形成了雨。）

　　Mass也可以做形容词用，意思是“群众的”、“大量的”，如：

　　1） a mass meeting （群众大会）

　　2） mass education （大众教育）

　　3） mass media （大众传媒）

　　4） Mass production could very well cut the cost. （大规模生产可以降低成本。）

　　6. It is thought that millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth's crust.

　　It is thought that…是一个很常用的句型，类似的句型在英语中很多，比如：

　　1） It is / was， has been…， reported that…

　　2） It is / was， has been…， stated that…

　　3） It is / was， has been…， pointed out that…

　　4） It is / was， has been…， mentioned that…

　　5） It is / was， has been…， believed that…

　　7. A. There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been formed.

　　B. The first known area was in India， where diamonds were found thousands of years ago.

　　定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。A句是限定性定语从句，B句是非限定性定语从句。A、B两句中都是用关系副词where来引导定语从句，修饰表示地点的名词。请看下面的句子，注意限定性定语从句一般不用逗号隔开：

　　1） Is there a shop around where we can get some fruit？ （附近有什么商店可以买到水果吗？）

　　2） This is the place where we met yesterday. （这是我们昨天碰头的地方。）

　　3） The small town， where he once worked， has turned to be a modern city. （他曾经工作过的那座小城，已经变成现代化的城市了。）

　　8. In the 1600's…（十七世纪）

　　In the 1720's…（十八世纪二十年代）

　　In the 1800's…（十九世纪）

　　请注意年代的表达方法，以上的年代也可以表达为in the 1600s； in the 1720s； in the 1800s.如果我们要表达“在十七世纪初（中、末）期”，则可以说in the early（mid， late） 1600's/1600s.

　　9. Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe.

　　become / be popular with / among是一个常用词组，意思是“受…欢迎”，请看下面的句子：

　　1） These Chinese handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends. （这些中国工艺品很受外国朋友的喜爱。）

　　2） His novels are popular among young people. （他的小说很受年轻人的喜爱。）

　　3） Classical music is popular among more and more people. （古典音乐受到越来越多的人的喜爱。）

　　10. India's supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2，500 yeas of mining the stones.

　　Supply在句子中做名词用，意思是“供应”。Supply常常可以做动词用，意思是“供给，提供”。请看下面的句子：

　　1） Economic stability can be reached if demand and supply are in balance. （如果供求关系平衡的话，就能实现经济的稳定。）

　　2） Many materials are in short supply. （许多材料供应不足。）

　　3） The increasing world population will put a strain on food supply. （不断增长的世界人口将对粮食供应带来重负。）

　　4） You have to supply him with an answer. （你得给他提供一个答案。）

　　5） Most towns are supplied with tap-water and electricity. （大多数城镇都有自来水和电力供应。）

　　run out是一个常用词组，意思是“用完，用尽”。请看例句：

　　1） Time is running out. We have to hurry. （时间快到了，我们得快点。）

　　2） My patience is running out. （我快要耐不住了。）

　　3） His luck seemed to have run out. （他的好运似乎结束了。）

　　我们也可以用run out来表达类似的意思，但run out of的主语应该是“某人”。如：

　　1） They have run out of money， so they have to find a job. （他们钱用完了，所以得找一份工作。）

　　2） I have run out of ink. （我的墨水用完了。）

　　11. People would pick up handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams and sort out the diamonds.

　　-ful通常加在名词后面，构成形容词，如care-careful，help-helpful.而本句中的handful是一个名词，意思是“一把”，在单词部分，我们已经提到过，英语中有不少这样的词，如：

　　1） He gave me a basketful of beaches. （他给了我满满一篮子桃子。）

　　2） She put a spoonful of salt in the soup. （她往汤里撒了满满一勺盐。）

　　3） Tom is carrying an armful of books. （汤姆抱着一捆书。）

　　sort out是一个常用词组，意思是“整理，分类”，如：

　　1） Sort out those of bigger size and put them in a box. （把大点的整理出来，放在盒子里。）

　　2） It took quite a while to sort out all our luggage. （把我们所有的行李整理好花了不少时间。）

　　bottom在句子中做名词用，意思是“底部”。bottom还有“尽头、末端”的意思。请看例句：

　　1） There is some deposit in the bottom of the teapot. （茶壶底部有些沉淀物。）

　　2） At the bottom of the mountain， there is a beautiful village. （在山脚下有个美丽的村子。）

　　3） I felt grateful to you from the bottom of my heart. （我衷心地感谢你。）

　　4） Bottoms up. （干杯。）

　　12. These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20，000 years ago.

　　where they were formed是where引出的名词性从句，作介词from的宾语。请看下面的句子：

　　1） He didn't say anything about where the accident took place. （他对事故在哪儿发生的只字未提。）

　　2） She hasn't made up her mind as to where she should go for the holiday. （她还没有决定到哪儿去度假。）

13. It flows over boards thickly coated with grease.

　　在本句中的定语从句thickly coated with greases前面省略了which/that are.coat一般做名词用，意思是“外套”或“（动物的）皮毛”。在本句中coat作动词用，意思是“在…上涂（包）着”，如：

　　1） These pills are coated with sugar. （这些药丸外面包着糖衣。）

　　2） Don't jump on the bush piles， they are ice-coated and slippery. （不要在灌木堆上跳，上面盖着冰，很滑。）

　　14. Since diamonds stick to grease， they are left behind by the rocks and mud which flow down the tables.

　　Stick在本句中的意思是“粘住”。Stick to也可以表示“坚持，遵守”的意思。请看下面的句子：

　　1） I'm sure father hasn’t read the book because several pages are stuck together. （我敢肯定父亲没有看过那本书，因为有几页还粘在一起。）

　　2） It's important for nurses to stick to the rules. （对护士来说，遵守规定是很重要的。）

　　3） Stick to your post and make sure everything is ok. （坚守你的岗位，确保一切正常。）

　　leave behind在本句中的意思是“留下”，这个词组还可以表示“忘带；把…丢在后面”。例如：

　　1） Take care not to leave anything behind. （小心别丢下任何东西。）

　　2） Look forward to the bright future and leave all your worries and fears behind. （期盼光明的未来，把所有的担心和恐惧抛在身后。）

　　15. Experienced diamond miners can tell a diamond immediately.

　　句子中的tell意思为“判断；分辨；看出”。如：

　　1） I cannot tell her from her twin sister. （我无法分辨出她和她的孪生妹妹。）

　　2） Can you tell which is my school-bag？ （你能分辨出哪一个是我的书包吗？）

　　3） It is important for you to tell right from wrong. （分辨出正误很重要。）

　　本课主要词组及语法要点

　　A. 词组

　　1. make a cut in sth.　　　　2. change…into

　　3. be made from　　　　 　4. become popular with

　　5. run out　　　　　　  　 6. pick up

　　7. handfuls of　　　　　 　8. sort out

　　9. carry from　　　　　 　10. be coated with

　　11. stick to　　　　　  　 12. leave behind

　　13. tell…（from）　　　 　　14. find out

　　B. 语法要点

　　1. 被动语态

　　2. 定语从句

　　3. 状语从句

　　4. 主语从句

　　Text B  The Difference between Plants and Animals

　　短语表达

　　1. difference between…and

　　Will you please tell me the difference between a horse and a seahorse？

　　I cannot hear any difference between the American pronunciation and the British pronunciation for this word.

　　2.neither …nor

　　He is not a person to rely on as he is neither honest nor sincere.

　　I have neither seen him nor heard from him since we last met.

　　3. look up

　　Father didn't look up from his book when I entered the sitting room.

　　The little boy didn't dare to look up at his teacher.

　　4. a matter of

　　Everybody would pay some attention to the contest as it is a matter of honor.

　　Don't panic. This is a matter of record and there is nothing to worry about.

　　5. throughout

　　The products of this factory will be supplied to people throughout the country.

　　He said that a person should be honest and upright throughout his life.

　　6. be satisfied with

　　Tom was fully aware of the consequence when his father saw his test paper.

　　The teacher was satisfied with the students' performance.

　　7. take place

　　Great changes have taken place in China in the past 20 years.

　　The accident took place when people were all fast asleep.

　　8. lie in

　　The importance of this book lies in its later influence.

　　The root of all these events lay in history.

　　9. be classed as

　　He was classed as a genius.

　　Some kinds of seaweed are animals but they used to be classed as plants.

　　10. hold good

　　This rule may hold good for you but not for me.

　　His answer doesn't hold good for this specific question.

　　11. live on

　　Cows live on grass.

　　The old man lives on the government pension.

　　12. work wonders

　　I don't think this medicine will work wonders.

　　We didn't think he could pull through this time but he worked wonders again.

　　13. take in

　　Their club took in some new members last week.

　　He took in his guest and offered him a cup of coffee.

　　14. suck up

　　The plants suck up a lot of water.

　　He sucks all the information you gave him.

　　15. take up

　　He took up the newspaper and began to read.

　　She took up English when she was only five.

　　All the window seats had been taken up when I got on the bus.

Text A   Families

　　本课主要单词

　　1. definition  n. 定义，释义

　　define  v. 解释；给…定义；明确表示

　　He simply said it was very difficult for him to give a definition for that word.

　　（他只是说要他给那个词下个定义是很困难的。）

　　The dictionary gives us several definitions， which makes me more confused about the meaning of this word. （辞典给了我们好几个释义，这使我对该词的意思更加困惑。）

　　People define him as a genius. （人们说他是天才。）

　　I have already defined my position on that issue. （我已经明确表示了我在这个问题上的立场。）

　　2. marriage  n. 婚姻，结婚

　　marry  v. 结婚

　　married  adj. 结了婚的

　　No one expected that their marriage could break up because of a misunderstanding.

　　（谁也没想到他们的婚姻竟会因为误解而破裂。）

　　Her second marriage lasted only 6 weeks. （她的第二次婚姻只维持了六个星期。）

　　They are in love with each other and wish to marry. （他们彼此相爱，希望结婚。）

　　Her parents said they wouldn't allow her to marry that poor young man.

　　（她的父母说他们不会允许她与那个穷苦的年轻人结婚。）

　　He was 35， married with two children. （他35岁，已婚，有两个孩子。）

　　She was married to the young artist last month. （她上个月与那位年轻的艺术家结了婚。）

　　（请注意：要表述某人同某人结婚，不能用sb. marries / married with sb. else，而应该用sb. marries/married sb. else 或者sb. is/was married to sb. else 来表述。）

　　3. descend  v. 下降；传下，遗传；堕落

　　descendant  n. 子孙，后裔

　　ascend  v. 上升；登高；追溯到某个时期

　　ascendant  n. 优势；祖先（与descendant相对而言）         adj. 优势的

　　The sun descended behind the hills. （太阳下了山。）

　　The customs have descended to our generation. （这些习俗一直传到我们这一代。）

　　He was so poor that he descended to begging. （他穷得只好乞讨度日。）

　　As descendants of the early settlers， they were tolerant and hardworking.

　　（作为早期移民的后裔，他们忍耐而勤劳。）

　　They are descendants of an Indian tribe. （他们是一支印第安部落的后裔。）

　　The airplane ascended into the cloud. （飞机高高飞入云端。）

　　Queen Victoria ascended ascended the throne in 1837. （维多利亚女王于1837年登上王位。）

　　His party is no longer in the ascendant. （他那一派已经优势不再。）

　　We still have the ascendant position in world politics. （我们在国际政治中仍占优势地位。）

　　4.ancestor n. 祖先，祖宗

　　His ancestors came to America on the Mayflower. （他的祖先乘“五月花”号来到美洲。）

　　Their grandfathers were the ancestors of some of the well-known families in Boston.

　　（他们的祖父辈是波士顿几家望族的祖先。）

　　ancestry  n. [总称] 列祖列宗；血统

　　He was born of good ancestry. （他出身名门。）

　　She is an American of German ancestry. （她是德国血统的美国人。）

　　5. household  n. 家庭，户；一家人

　　adj. 家庭的，家常的

　　How many people are there in your household？ （你们家有几口人？）

　　Early in the morning the household got into a car and headed for the beach.

　　（一大早，全家人坐上汽车往海边驶去。）

　　Household chores are not just women's work. （家务杂事不只是妇女的活。）

　　Einstein is a household name in the civilized world. （爱因斯坦是文明世界里家喻户晓的名字。）

　　6. relative  n. 亲属，亲戚

　　adj. 相对的

　　His wife had to visit some of her relatives for a few days. （他妻子需要几天时间去看娘家的亲戚。）

　　The apes are man's closest relatives. （猿是与人类亲缘关系最为接近的动物。）

　　He told me that his aunt was his only immediate relative. （他告诉我说姑母是他唯一的至亲。）

　　All human values are relative. （人类的一切价值标准都是相对的。）

　　The Jackson's are living in relative comfort now. （现在，杰克逊一家生活过得比较舒适。）

　　7. traditional  adj. 传统的

　　tradition  n. 传统

　　Alice said she would be happy to have a traditional Chinese wedding.

　　（爱丽丝说能有一个传统的中国婚礼她会很开心。）

　　More and more Westerners believe in traditional Chinese medicine now.

　　（现在，越来越多的西方人相信传统中医了。）

　　He reassured his grandfather that he would keep up the family tradition by all means.

　　（他向祖父保证，他会尽一切可能保持家庭传统。）

　　In his lecture he talked briefly about the history and traditions of the movement.

　　（在他的讲座中，他简述了那次运动的历史和传统。）

　　8. security  n. 完全；保障；把握

　　secure   v. 保卫，保证，获得    adj. 完全的

　　We are all concerned for the security of the passengers. （我们都很担心旅客的安全。）

　　Children rely on their parents for love and security. （孩子们靠父母给他们爱和完全感。）

　　The girl delivered her speech with great security. （那个女孩满怀信心地讲演着。）

　　She felt secure only when she made sure that both doors were locked.

　　（只有确信两道门都锁上了时，她才感到放心。）

　　We all dream of living a quiet and secure life. （我们都梦想过上平静、安定的生活。）

　　His carefulness secured him from making more mistakes. （他的细心保证了他不犯更多的错误。）

　　His father couldn't believe that he secured such a good job. （他父亲不相信他找到了这么好的一份工作。）

　　（注意：securities 指证券）

　　9.  basically  adv. 基本上；从根本上说，大致说来

　　basic  adj. 基础的，根本的；初步的；主要的

　　base  n. 基础，根据；基地      v. 把…基于

　　My work is basically to train students' ability in reading and writing.

　　（从根本上说，我的工作是训练学生的读、写能力。）

　　There are basically two types of families： nuclear families and extended families.

　　（大致说来，有两类家庭：核心家庭和大家庭。）

　　The basic theme of these stories is more or less the same. （这些故事的主题大致相同。）

　　They are trying to solve the basic economic problems. （他们正试图解决那些基本的经济问题。）

　　What is your basic aim in life？ （你基本的生活目标是什么？）

　　The base of his argument is that our after service is not very satisfactory.

　　（他的论据是我们的售后服务不十分令人满意。）

　　The weary soldiers marched back to their base. （疲惫不堪的士兵们列队返回基地。）

　　We should base our opinions on facts. （我们的观点应该基于事实的基础之上。）

　　This film is based on the life story of a general. （这部影片是根据一位将军的生平改编的。）

10.nuclear  adj. 核子的，核能的；中心的

　　Mao Zetong used to say that under no circumstances would China be the first to use nuclear weapons.

　　（毛泽东曾经说过在任何情况下，中国都不会第一个使用核武器。）

　　Greece was once a nuclear civilization of the world. （希腊一度是世界文明的中心。）

　　a nuclear explosion  核爆炸    nuclear electricity  核电力

　　a nuclear power plant  核电站  nuclear technology  核技术

　　the nuclear age  核时代       nuclear monopoly  核垄断

　　nuclear waste  核废料         a nuclear nation  拥有核武器的国家

　　nuclear bomb  核弹           nuclear disarmament  核裁军

　　nuclear family  核心家庭       nuclear-free zone  无核区

　　nuclear fuel  核燃料           nuclear reactor  核反应堆

　　11. nucleus  n. 核，核心，中心；起点，开始

　　These young people formed the nucleus of the internet bar. （这些年轻人成了网吧的核心。）

　　The strange behavior of the absent-minded professor became the nucleus of all the stories.

　　（“心不在焉”教授的奇异举止成为所有故事的中心内容。）

　　12.  agricultural  adj. 农业的

　　agriculture  n. 农业

　　More and more modern agricultural methods are used in that village.

　　（在那个村子里，人们越来越多地使用现代农业方法。）

　　The agricultural production is on the rise this year. （今年的农业生产呈上升态势。）

　　His solution greatly improved the agriculture in this area. （他的方法极大地推动了这一地区的农业发展。）

　　13. industrial  adj. 工业的，产业的

　　industrialize  v. （使）工业化

　　The industrial output of this city doubled last year. （去年这个城市的工业产量增加了一倍。）

　　The Industrial Revolution influenced the whole world. （工业革命影响了全世界。）

　　The country has been steadily industrializing. （这个国家一直在稳步实现工业化。）

　　14. post-industrial  adj. 后工业化的

　　post- 是一个前缀，表示“后”：如：

　　post-war policies  战后政策

　　postdoctoral  博士后的

　　postgraduate courses  研究生课程

　　post-harvest storage  收后贮藏

　　postimpressionism  后印象主义

　　15.earner  n. 赚钱者；获得收入者

　　earnings  n. 挣得的财物；收入，利润

　　earn  v. 挣得，获得

　　How many earners are there in your family？ （你们家几个人挣钱？）

　　Father is not the only earner in the family. （父亲不是家里唯一挣钱的人。）

　　What are you going to do with your earnings？ （挣来的钱你打算干什么用？）

　　He earns 40 dollars a day. （他每天挣四十美元。）

　　How did he make his living？ （他靠什么谋生？）

　　His brave act won him the name of a hero. （他的英勇行为使他得到了英雄的名声。）

　　16. split  v. 撕裂；分开；使分裂；分担      n. 分裂，裂口

　　He is splitting the firewood with an axe. （他正用斧子劈木柴。）

　　They split the cost of the party between them. （他们两人分担了宴会的费用。）

　　They split up after years of marriage. （他们俩结婚多年之后分开了。）

　　She split with her boyfriend last week. （上个星期她与她的男友绝交了。）

　　Mother mended a split in my trousers. （妈妈缝好了我裤子上的一条裂缝。）

　　split-hair　极其精确的；过分琐细的

　　split second　一刹那

　　split-level　错层式的

　　split personality　分裂人格

　　17. divorce  v. 离婚；与…离婚　　n. 离婚

　　The child's parents divorced last month. （这孩子父母上个月离了婚。）

　　He divorced his wife. （他同妻子离了婚。）

　　I don't think it is possible to divorce sports from politics. （我认为把体育与政治分离开来是不可能的。）

　　本课主要构词法

　　affixation （词缀法）

　　1. 名词后缀 -ion　definition

　　2. 名词后缀 -age　marriage

　　3. 名词后缀 -ity　security

　　4. 形容词后缀 -al　agricultural，industrial，traditional，social

　　5. 动词后缀 -ize　industrialize

　　本课简介

　　在Families这篇课文中，作者首先告诉我们对于不同的人来说“家庭”有不同的含义，但是家庭意味着某种归属这一点是所有人的共识。作者还对核心家庭和大家庭的演变进行了分析，从中我们更可以看出家庭成员在家庭中的角色和作用的变化。

　　本课语言点

　　1. …a group of people related by blood or marriage， …

　　句子中的by常可与某些名词连用，在名词前面不加定冠词the，意思相当于“with regard to”，“according to”。请看下面的例句：

　　1） He is an Englishman by birth. （他祖籍英国。）

　　2） He is a teacher by profession. （他以医生为职业。）

　　3） By birth and by education Thomas Jefferson belonged to the highest social class， but he never looked down upon the working-class people.

　　（按其出生和所受的教育，托马斯·杰弗逊都属于社会的了最高阶层，但他从来不轻视劳动人民。）

　　relate是一个动词，在句子中的意思是“使联系”。请看例句：

　　1）It is not difficult for people to relate the result to the cause. （人们要把结果和原因联系起来并不困难。）

　　2）It might be more helpful to you if you can relate theory to practice.

　　（如果你能把理论和实践联系起来，对你的帮助也许会更大。）

　　relate还可解释为叙述；有关，涉及；相处得好

　　1） He related us a story vividly. （他生动地给我们讲述了一个故事。）

　　2） His talk related to the international situation. （他的讲话涉及国际形势。）

　　3） He relates very well to his classmates. （他和同学们相处得很好。）

　　related可以做形容词用，意思是“有联系的，相关的。”

　　1） These four people are closely related to each other. （这四个人联系紧密。）

　　2） He is very much interesting in painting and the related arts. （他对绘画及其有关的艺术很感兴趣。）

2. …all those people descended from a common ancestor， …所有来自同一祖先的人们。

　　“descended from a common ancestor”是一个省略了that的定语从句，修饰people.descended from的意思是“传下，遗传”，如：

　　1） His family were descended from an Indian tribe. （他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。）

　　2） Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes. （达尔文断定人由猿进化而来。）

　　descend to 的意思是“屈尊，降低；转而说到”

　　1） The firm had descended to using nude pictures for advertising. （那家公司堕落到用裸照做广告。）

　　2）Mr. Lee then descended to the details we had to be careful about.

　　（李先生转而谈到了我们必须注意的细节问题。）

　　common是一个形容词，意思是“共有的，共同的；普通的”，请看例句：

　　1）No doubt， this is a grammatical mistake common to beginners in English.

　　（毫无疑问，这是英语初学者常犯的语法错误。）

　　2）How could you have no idea about this common knowledge？ （对这个普通常识你怎么会一无所知。）

　　3）They have no common interests. （他们没有共同的爱好。）

　　3. Some people thank of a family as a mother， a father， and their children， …

　　think of …as …是一个很常用的词组，意思是“把…看作…”，如：

　　1） He often thinks of himself as a genius. （他常把自己看作为天才。）

　　2） The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation. （黄河被看作为中华民族的摇篮。）

　　与think of…as…意思相近的词组在英语中还有很多。如：

　　regard…as　　look upon…as…

　　see…as…　　view…as…

　　consider…as…

　　4. For others， having a family simply means having children.

　　本句中，having a family做主语，mean为谓语动词，having children 做宾语。mean在句中的意思是“意味着”。当mean作“意味着”解释时，在它的后面应该跟名词或者动名词，如：

　　1）Accepting the job would mean moving to another city. （接受这份工作将意味着我得搬到另一个城市去。）

　　2）A raise in the worker's salary will mean a cut in the profit. （增加工人的工资意味着利润的降低。）

　　当mean作“意欲，打算”解释时，在它的后面通常跟不定式，如：

　　1）I didn't mean to offend you. （我无意冒犯你。）

　　2）I meant to give you the book yesterday， but I forgot it. （我原打算昨天把书给你的，但我忘了。）

　　5. Some families have long histories， while others know very little about their ancestors.

　　请注意while的用法，在本句中while是一个表示转折意味的连词，意思是“然而”。如：Fred gambled all his money away while Jane saved every penny for her son's schooling. （弗雷德赌输了他所有的钱，而珍妮却为儿子的教育攒下每一分钱。）

　　while在不同的语境中有不同的意思，请翻译下面的句子，注意while的词义。

　　1）They decided to find a less expensive place to stay while in Paris.

　　（在巴黎期间，他们打算找个更便宜的地方住。）

　　2）He looked at his watch several times while talking to her. （在跟她交谈时，他看了几次表。）

　　3）One group of children are quiet， while the second group was very active.

　　（一组孩子很安静，而第二组孩子非常活跃。）

　　4）While I have sympathy for these people， I think they are guilty. （尽管我同情这些人，但我觉得他们有罪。）

　　5）We will succeed while we don't lose hope. （只要我们不失去希望，我们就会成功。）

　　6. No matter if it is young or old， large or small traditional or modern， every family has a sense of what a family is.

　　no matter if 连接让步状语从句，更常见的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外，no matter wh-引导的让步状语从句还有：no matter what， no matter who， no matter whose， no matter which， no matter when， no matter where， no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引导让步从句也是十分常见的。请看下面的例句：

　　1） No matter what happens， please let me know. （无论发生什么事，请让我知道。）

　　2） No matter who telephones， tell him I'm out. （无论谁来电话，告诉他我出去了。）

　　3） No matter how hard I tried， I couldn't succeed. （无论我多努力，我总不能成功。）

　　4） No matter whether you believe it or not， it's truth. （无论你信不信，那总是事实。）

　　5） No matter where you go， I will follow you. （无论你去哪里，我都跟着你。）

　　6） No matter which book you like you can have it. （无论你喜欢哪本书，你都可以拿去。）

　　7） No matter whose money it is， we can't spend it so carelessly. （无论是谁的钱，我们都不能这样随意地花）

　　上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下：

　　1） Whatever happens， please let me know.

　　2） Whoever telephones， tell him I'm out.

　　3） However hard I tried， I couldn't succeed.

　　4） Wherever you go， I will follow you.

　　5） Whichever book you like， you can have it.

　　7. It is that feeling of belonging， of love and security that comes from living together， helping and sharing.

　　本句中的it代指课文前一句中的a sense of what a family is. feeling of belonging 意思为“归属感”。

　　security 是一个名词，意思是“安全”。

　　that comes from living together， helping and sharing 是定语从句，修饰that feeling of belonging， of love and security.

　　8. However， with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society， many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work.

　　本句中的however是一个表示转折意味的副词，有承接上文的作用，可以使这个句子和前面的句子连接得更紧密，有些接近连词。请看例句：

　　1） This， however， is not your fault. （但这不是你的错。）

　　2） I'd like to go with you， however， my hands are full. （我很想和你一起去，可是我忙不过来。）

　　句中的with是一个介词，意思是“随着”，请看例句：

　　1）With the change of the economic foundation， the superstructure has to be transformed too.

　　（随着经济基础的改变，上层建筑也必须改造。）

　　2）With the development of science and technology， the society is changing rapidly.

　　（随着科学技术的发展，社会在迅速地改变。）

　　with是一个十分常用的介词，请看下面的句子，注意with的用法和词意：

　　1）Who will go with you？ （谁和你一起去？）

　　2）The teacher is very strict with us. （老师对我们很严格。）

　　3）At the news we all jumped with joy. （听了这个消息，我们都高兴得跳了起来。With表示原因。）

　　4）He wanted to kill two birds with one stone. （他想一举两得。With意为“用，以”，译法可灵活。）

　　5）China is a country with a large population. （中国是一个有众多人口的国家。With表示“有，带有”）

　　6）He finished this work with great difficulty. （他好不容易才完成了这项工作。With引起短语作方式状语。）

　　7）He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded.

　　（他双手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。With引导独立结构：with+名词+过去分词，做方式状语。）

　　8）What's wrong with you？ （你怎么了？with意为“就…来说”）

　　9）With your knowledge and experience， you are sure to find a good job.

　　（以（凭）你的知识和经验，你肯定会找到一份好工作。）

　　10）With all his shortcomings， he was a nice person. （尽管他有缺点，他还是个不错的人。）

　　句子中的in order to find work做目的状语，除了用in order to 以外，还可以用so as to，也可以把in order，so as省去，只用不定式。请看例句：

　　1）He decided to study harder （so as ） to catch up with the others. （他决定加紧学习好赶上别人。）

　　2）He ran out in a hurry （in order） to catch the last bus. （为了赶上末班车，他匆匆向外跑去。）

9. Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes.

　　句子中的therefore是一个副词，通常用来表示后面将要表述的内容是前面已经表述的内容的结果，也可以用来引导一个结论。类似的表达还有：so，consequently，as a result 等等。请看例句：

　　1）It rained， therefore the football match was put off. （天下雨，所以足球比赛延期了。）

　　2）He is too careless， as a result he failed the exam. （他太粗心，所以考试没及格。）

　　3）He was ill for about a month， consequently he lagged behind his classmates.

　　（他病了一个月，因此落在了同学后面。）

　　as the society industrializes随着社会的工业化。as是一个连词，表示“当…时”。请看例句：

　　1）As time goes on， you'll like this place better. （随着时间的推移，你会更喜欢这个地方。）

　　2）As he talked on he got more and more excited. （他谈着的时候，越来越兴奋。）

　　本课中还有：

　　1）The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children.

　　2）As social scientists study these two new family forms， they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age.

　　10. social scientists now talk of two new family forms…

　　本句中的talk是一个不及物动词，在表达“谈论某人（某事）”时，talk后面应该用介词of或者about.请看例句：

　　1）What are you talking about？ （你们在谈什么？）

　　2）They are talking of visiting Mr. Zhang. （他们正谈论去看张先生的事。）

　　3） What do you mean when you talk about culture？ （你谈论文化时指的是什么？）

　　Text B  The Changing American Family

　　短语表达

　　1. all over

　　We have friends all over the world.

　　I have been looking all over for him.

　　2. provide for

　　Father had to work very hard to provide food and clothes for the family.

　　They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers.

　　3. be expected to

　　Parents are expected to provide for their children.

　　You are expected to be here before eight.

　　4. take care of

　　The nurse took care of the old lady when her daughter was away.

　　The cat and the dog were taken good care of.

　　5. on the other hand

　　I don't think this proposal is workable. On one hand we don't have so much money， on the other hand time is too limited.

　　6. be considered to be

　　He is considered to be the best candidate for the job.

　　Father is considered to be a humorous and responsible person.

　　7. in addition （to）

　　In addition， there are some magazines on the table.

　　In addition to bread， we had some milk and eggs for breakfast.

　　8. make decision

　　You have to make an immediate decision about the project.

　　It is difficult for me to make a decision right now.

　　9. help with

　　He hoped that his brother would help him with his math.

　　At weekends I often help my mother with the housework.

　　10. in contrast

　　In contrast with the low grade I got， Paul got a full mark on the biology test.

　　Their club， in contrast， reached a membership of 2000 last year.

　　11. give up

　　You will amount to nothing if you always give up easily.

　　The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking.

　　12. get ready for

　　He got up early in the morning in order to get ready for the exam.

　　I haven't got ready for the interview yet.

　　13. be busy doing

　　Mother is busy cooking in the kitchen.

　　The teacher is busy distributing the test papers.

　　14. in conclusion

　　She will say a few words about the arrangement in conclusion.

　　In conclusion， the old people are happy in most of the Asian countries.

　　15. instead of

　　Instead of getting the bike repaired he bought a new one.

　　Who is going to the meeting instead of you？