主题：自考“英语（一）”笔记（51——60）

6.…in our hearts we hope that we might be spared.

　　spare做形容词用时，意思是“多余的；空闲的；俭朴的”。如：

　　1）In his spare time he wrote some short stories. （他用余暇写了一些短篇故事。）

　　2）Sorry，I don't have any spare cash. Can I write a check？（对不起，我没有多余的现钱，我可以开支票吗？）

　　3）He is keen on this spare lifestyle. （他喜欢这种俭朴的生活。）

　　在本句中，spare用作动词，意思是“饶恕；使免遭”。如：

　　1）He begged them to spare his life. （他求他们饶他一命。）

　　2）You may spare yourself the trouble. （你不必找此麻烦。）

　　3）Call him and spare yourself a visit. （给他打个电话，省得你自己跑一趟。）

　　spare 也可以表示“抽出时间；出让”。如：

　　1）Can you spare me 5 minutes？ （你能抽出5分钟时间给我吗？）

　　Spare me 50 yuan and I will return the money on payday. （借给我50元钱，发工资那天我就还你。）

　　7. …We would rather talk about football or the weather or what we had for lunch.

　　在world rather 后面应用动词的原形形式。如：

　　1）I would rather stay at home. （我宁愿呆在家里。）

　　2）He would rather go and play football than go to the cinema. （他宁愿去踢足球，而不愿去看电影。）

　　3）I would rather you didn't tell me the truth. （我宁愿你没告诉我真话。）

　　在第三句中，would rather 后面跟的是从句，从句中的动词用虚拟语气形式。

　　what we had for lunch意思是“午饭吃了什么”。如：

　　1）What did you have for breakfast？ （你早饭吃了什么？）

　　2）I had nothing but a cup of coffee for breakfast. （早饭我只喝了一杯咖啡。）

　　8.Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance.

　　当否定词放在句首时，句子通常用倒装。如：

　　1）Never in my life have I seen such a beautiful place. （我一生中从没见过这么美丽的地方。）

　　2）Tom doesn't like pop music. Neither does his wife. （汤姆不喜欢流行音乐，他妻子也不喜欢。）

　　3）In no case will he give up the experiment. （无论如何他都不会放弃那个试验。）

　　4）Not only was he a teacher， but also a poet. （他不仅是一位教师，还是一位诗人。）

　　9.It is better that we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them than to just hope that they will somehow go away.

　　plan 一般可用作及物动词，而本句中的动词plan 作不及物动词用。

　　1）We will plan our weekend at noon. （中午时我们将安排周末的活动。）

　　2）I planned to go and meet him at the station. （我打算去车站接他。）

　　3）We should plan for our future. （我们应该筹划未来。）

　　deal with意思是“处理，对付；论述”

　　1）This is a book dealing with the skills of reading， writing and speaking. （这是一本论述读、写、说技能的书。）

　　2）The man is difficult to deal with. （那人很难打交道。）

　　3）There will be a lot of difficulties to be dealt with when you start your own business.（你开始自己做生意时会有许多困难要克服。）

　　10.Quite the opposite

　　本句的意思是“恰巧相反”，有时我们也可以用just the opposite.如：

　　They are very excited. I am quite the opposite. （他们很兴奋，我则恰好相反。）

　　本课主要词组

　　1. be interested in　　　　　2. be eager to

　　3. be of help　　　　　　　　4. visit with

　　5. be on guard　　　　　　　 6. at best

　　7. be unwilling to　　　　　 8. first of all

　　9. a sum of　　　　　　　　　10. pay for

　　11. in effect　　　　　　　　12. remind…of

　　13. would rather　　　　　　 14. depend on

　　15. look…in the face 　　　 16. plan for

　　17. deal with　　　　　　　　18. go away

　　19. neither…nor

　　Text B  What is money and what are its functions？

　　短语表达

　　1. be familiar with

　　I am not familiar with the book he mentioned in his lecture.

　　2. throughout

　　He never stopped learning throughout his life.

　　We want to make this place known throughout the world.

　　3. a number of

　　A number of ways have been suggested to control air pollution.

　　A number of students have applied for this part-time job.

　　4. rule out

　　The regulations rule out anyone under the age of 16.

　　The possibility of suicide has been ruled out.

　　Heavy rain ruled the match out for that day.

　　5. search for

　　The police are still searching for survivors of the plane crash.

　　They are searching the wood for the lost child.

　　6. worth

　　This bike is worth 250 yuan.

　　I don't think a two-day vacation is worth much.

　　7. respond to

　　How did he respond to what you said？

　　8. rather than

　　He is a writer rather than a teacher.

　　Rather than cause trouble， he left.

　　9. in terms of

　　She was asked to express her idea in terms of science.

　　We usually measure the value of material goods in terms of money.

　　10. be conscious of

　　I was not conscious of what was happening.

　　He was not conscious of his mistake.

　　11. convert to

　　Water can be converted to electricity.

　　He wanted to convert the US dollars to RMB.

Text A  The importance of being kind and polite

　　本课主要单词

　　1.frankly adv. 坦白地，直率地；坦率地说

　　1）He frankly admitted that he had made a mistake. （他坦率地承认自己犯了个错误。）

　　2）She asked me to tell her frankly what I wished to do. （她让我坦率地告诉她我希望做什么。）

　　3）Frankly，he is not easy to get along with. （坦率地说，他这个人不好打交道。）

　　4）Quite frankly，I don't care about what they may say. （坦率地说，我不在乎他们会说什么。）

　　frank adj. 坦诚的　v. 盖免费邮戳于（邮件）；准许…自由通过

　　1）They gave us a frank reply. （他们给了我们一个坦率的回答。）

　　2）They have franked these letters. （他们已经给这些信件盖了邮资已付的邮戳。）

　　3）We are trying to frank him through customs. （我们正努力使他免检通过海关。）

　　2.boring adj. 令人厌烦的；乏味的

　　bored adj. 感到厌烦的

　　bore v. 使厌烦，使厌倦　　　　n. 令人讨厌的人或事

　　boredom n. 厌烦，厌倦；乏味

　　1）It was such a boring journey that he didn't want to say anything about it.（这次旅行很乏味，他什么也不想提及。）

　　2）I am bored. I don't have anything to do. （我无事可做，感到乏味。）

　　3）Most of the book had bored him， with the exception of one chapter.（除了其中的一章，这本书的大部分内容使他感到乏味。）

　　4）Sam is such a bore that no one wants to have anything to do with him.（山姆是个很令人讨厌的人，谁都不想与他打交道。）

　　5）She seems so depressed by the boredom of her city life. （城市生活的乏味似乎令她沮丧。）

　　3.honestly adv. 诚实地；的确

　　honest adj. 诚实的

　　honesty n. 诚实

　　dishonest adj. 不诚实的；不正直的

　　1）Honestly， I don't know what you’re talking about. （说实在的，我不知道你在讲些什么。）

　　2）You have to answer the following questions honestly. （你得诚实地回答下列问题。）

　　3）He is honest，he doesn't tell lies. （他是老实人，不说谎。）

　　4）First of all，you should be honest about why you want the money. （首先，你应该坦率地说为什么要这些钱。）

　　5）We have no doubt as to his honesty. （对他的诚实我们毫不怀疑。）

　　6）How can you believe such a dishonest person. （你怎么能相信这样一个不诚实的人？）

　　7）He got his money in dishonest ways. （他以不正当的方式搞钱。）

　　4.impress v. 给…深刻的印象

　　impression n. 印象；效果，影响

　　impressive adj. 给人以深刻印象的

　　1）What I saw and heard there impressed me deeply. （那儿的所见所闻给我留下了深刻的印象。）

　　2）I was impressed by his high efficiency. （他的高效率给我留下了深刻的印象。）

　　3）My advice seemed to make no impression on him. （我的劝告似乎对他不起作用。）

　　4）She made a very good impression on her employer. （她给雇主留下了极好的印象。）

　　5）The impressive scene will be always in his mind. （那个难忘的场面将永远留在他的脑海中。）

　　5.collection n. 收集；收藏品

　　collect v. （去）取；接；聚集

　　1）He has a large collection of books. （他有大量的藏书。）

　　2）The collection of butterfly specimens takes up all his spare time. （他所有的业余时间都用于采集蝴蝶标本了。）

　　3）He likes collecting stamps. （他爱好集邮。）

　　4）I have to go and collect my daughter. （我得去接女儿了。）

　　5）A large crowd collected in front of the building. （那座楼前聚集了一大群人。）

　　collect 也可以做副词用，意思是“由受话人付费”，如：

　　I will call London collect. （我将给伦敦打一个对方付费的电话。）

　　6.misunderstand v. 误解，误会

　　misunderstanding n. 误会；争执

　　1）Don't misunderstand us， we are here to help， not to make trouble.

　　（别误解我们的意思，我们是来帮忙的，不是惹麻烦的。）

　　2）She misunderstood what her friend said， and went away in a fury.

　　（她误解了她朋友所说的话，怒气冲冲地走了。）

　　3）They had a misunderstanding， but they have become friendly again. （他们曾有过争执，不过又言归于好了。）

　　4）I don't hope the minor misunderstanding will affect our friendship. （我不希望这点小误会会影响我们的友谊。）

　　7.friction n. 摩擦；不和，争执

　　1）Constant friction caused the rope to break. （不断的摩擦使绳子断了。）

　　2）The efficiency of the machine is higher because there is less friction.

　　（由于摩擦力较小，这台机器的效率更高了。）

　　3）Family frictions can interfere with a child's schoolwork. （家庭中的争吵会影响孩子的学业。）

　　4）The friction between the two countries is getting more and more serious. （两国之间的摩擦在加剧。）

　　8.conflict n. 冲突，抵触　　　　　　v. 冲突，抵触

　　1）The conflict between the two villages lasted for years. （两个村子之间的冲突持续了数年。）

　　2）They came into conflict over the ownership of the house. （他们就房屋的所有权问题产生了激烈的争执。）

　　3）His statement conflicted with what his friend said. （他的说法与他的朋友所言截然不同。）

　　4）My idea might conflict with his. （我的观点，可能会与他的观点相冲突。）

　　9.enforce v. 实施，执行；强制；强调

　　1）The president of our university said time and again that it was necessary to enforce the school regulations.

　　（我们大学的校长一再说执行校规很有必要。）

　　2）People were dissatisfied with the government's inability to enforce its law.

　　（人们对政府无力执行法律十分不满。）

　　3）Very often parents enforce their own will on children. （父母常常把自己的意愿强加给孩子们。）

　　4）Illness enforced him to lie in bed. （疾病迫使他卧床。）

　　5）You need to enforce you arguments by producing facts and figures. （你需要提出事实与数据来加强你的论点。）

　　10.interact v. 相互影响，相互作用，相互交流

　　interaction n. 相互影响，相互作用

　　1）Mothers and babies internet in a complex way. （母婴以一种复杂的方式相互交流。）

　　2）Students are encouraged to interact in class in English by the teacher. （老师鼓励学生在课堂上用英语互动。）

　　3）There is a need for more interaction between parents and children. （父母和孩子之间需要更多的相互交流。）

　　4）They are doing some research on the interaction between seawater and lava.

　　（他们正对海水与溶岩的相互作用进行研究。）

　　inter-是一个前缀，表示“相互”；“在…中间”。如：interchange （互换）；intercommunicate （互相联系；互相通信）；interdependent （相互依赖，互相依存）；international （国际的）；interstate （州际的）；interuniversity （大学间的）

　　11.consensus n. 合意；（意见等的）一致；舆论

　　1）There was a kind of unspoken consensus between them. （他们之间有一种默契。）

　　2）The consensus was to abandon the project. （大多数人的意见是放弃该项计划。）

　　3）It is very difficult for them to reach a consensus on what they are going to do.

　　（要就他们将要进行的事情达成大致意见是很困难。）

　　4）You have to build a consensus with them if you really want to get their help.

　　（如果你真想得到他们的帮助，你得与他们达成一致意见。）

　　12.guideline n. 指导方针，准则，标准

　　1）They are going to adopt new guidelines for national economy. （他们将采取新的国民经济指导方针。）

　　2）Today the moral guidelines are not as obvious as they were. （现在的道德准则不再以前一样明确了。）

　　3）The chemical additives still exceed guidelines set to protect public health.

　　（化学添加剂仍然超过了为保护公众健康而确定的标准。）

　　13.unacceptable adj. 不能接受的，不受欢迎的

　　acceptable adj. 可接受的

　　accept v. 接受

　　1）It is entirely unacceptable to break the law for the sake of money. （为了钱而犯法是完全不可接受的。）

　　2）The proposal was unacceptable. （这个建议是不能接受的。）

　　3）This is a proposal that is acceptable to all sides. （这是一个各方面都能接受的建议。）

　　4）They didn't accept the invitation to attend the evening party. （他们没有接受出席晚会的邀请。）

　　14.adolescent adj. 青春期的；青少年的　　　　n. （16岁以下的）青少年

　　adolescence n. 青春期（13-16岁的发育期）

　　1）He was afraid that his son had anything to do with the adolescent gang.

　　（他担心他儿子与青少年犯罪集团有牵连。）

　　2）This film aimed at adolescents. （这部电影专为青少年拍摄。）

　　3）His adolescence was not a happy time for him. （他的青春期过的不快乐。）

　　4）Before his parents could realize it Tom had already reached the age of adolescence.

　　（父母还没意识到这个问题，汤姆已到了青春期年龄。）

　　15.swear v. 诅咒；发誓　　　　n. 誓言

　　1）Don't swear in front of the children. （别在孩子们面前骂人。）

　　2）Will you swear that you were not on the scene？ （你愿意起誓说你当时不在现场吗？）

　　3）I swear that I will never trust him any more. （我保证再也不相信他了。）

　　4）He swore by his honor that he would return the money in two weeks.

　　（他以自己的名誉发誓保证在两周内还钱。）

　　5）They refused to swear on a Bible. （他们拒绝手按圣经发誓。）

　　6）Don't take his swear seriously. （别拿他的誓言当真。）

16.indifferent adj. 冷漠的，不关心的

　　indifference n. 冷漠

　　1）If parents are indifferent to their success， children will fail to make progress.

　　（如果父母漠视孩子的成功，孩子就不会进步。）

　　2）He is absolutely indifferent to other people's miseries. （他对别人的痛苦漠不关心。）

　　3）He put on an air of indifference. （他摆出了一副满不在乎的神气。）

　　4）She was annoyed by her son's indifference to her. （她儿子对她的冷漠态度令她恼怒。）

　　17.discipline n. 纪律，训练；学科　　　v. 训练；使有纪律；惩罚

　　1）The discipline of hard work would do you a lot of good. （艰苦工作的磨练会对你大有好处。）

　　2）The young teacher couldn't keep discipline in her classroom. （那个年轻的教师无法维持课堂秩序。）

　　3）Scientists of many disciplines would work together to solve the problem.

　　（许多学科的科学家们将一道来解决这个问题。）

　　4）They must learn to discipline themselves. （他们必须学会锻炼自己。）

　　5）He was disciplined for being late. （他因迟到而受罚。）

　　18.individual n. 个人，个体　　　adj. 个别的，单独的；独特的

　　1）The freedom of the individual was greatly emphasized in his talk. （他在讲话中十分强调个人的自由。）

　　2）Handwriting varies from individual to individual. （每个人的笔迹都不相同。）

　　3）Each individual leaf on the tree is different. （树上的每一片叶子都各不相同。）

　　4）There was nothing individual about him except a deep scar across his right cheek.（他除了右脸颊有条深疤外别无特征。）

　　本课简介

　　在人类共同生活的社会里有一些共认的社会准则，这些准则为大多数人所接受。如果你不能遵循这些准则，你则会被看作为一个缺少文明礼貌举止的人。善待他人，尊重他人能给我们带来一种优势，而这种优势会帮助我们成功。正因为如此，我们应该学会在看电影时保持安静；在点燃香烟前征得他人同意；注意选择接听移动电话的场合；与老师交谈时摘下随身听的耳机；满口含着食物时不随意开口讲话；该尊称他人时不随性而为乱称呼……。这些看似不重要的小节恰恰是最能反映一个人的社会公德的。

　　本课主要语言点

　　1. Unless you want to end a relationship， you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this.

　　unless在本句中的意思是“if not” （除非，如果不），如：

　　1）You will fail the exam unless you study harder. （你若不更加努力学习，考试会不及格。）

　　2）We will go on with the experiment unless something unforeseen happens. （如果不发生意外，我们将继续试验。）

　　3）I will not go to the party unless he invites me. （如果他不邀请我，我就不去参加聚会。）

　　4）Nothing， unless a miracle， can save him. （除非出现奇迹，他无法得救。）

　　end在本句中用作动词，意思是“结束”。如：

　　1）The meeting did not end until midnight. （会议开到半夜才结束。）

　　2）The anti-Japanese War ended in 1945. （抗日战争于1945年结束。）

　　3）He refused to end his four-week tour in such a manner. （他不愿以这种方式结束为期四周的旅行。）

　　2. Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps， yawning when a golfer tells you about what great shot he made… are all things that educated people try not to do.

　　本句中三个并列的动名词短语做主语，整个句子是一个“主语+系动词+表语”的句型。如：

　　1）Smoking is not good for your health. （吸烟有害你的健康。）

　　2）Making experiment is one way of learning. （实验是学习的一条途径。）

　　be impressed by 意思是“给…深刻印象”。如：

　　1）I was impressed by his talent. （他的才干给我留下了深刻的印象。）

　　2）He was impressed by the gorgeous sunset. （绚丽的夕阳给他留下了深刻的印象。）

　　golfer意思为“高尔夫球运动员”，这个词是由golf加后缀-er构成的，英语中这一类词很多。如：baker （面包师傅），gardener （园丁），miller （磨坊主），singer （歌唱家），user （使用者。）

　　1）He tried not to let out the secret. （他试图不泄露秘密。）

　　2）We tried not to be misled by them. （我们努力不被他们误导。）

　　3. There are no laws enforcing respect.

　　本句是一个There be + noun + V-ing 结构，表示存在（有），there失去表示场所的意义。如：

　　1）There was a fire burning in the fireplace. （壁炉里火在燃烧。）

　　2）There were two bulldozers knocking the place flat. （两台推土机把那儿夷平。）

　　句中的enforce是一个及物动词，意思是“实施；强制”。如：

　　1）It is necessary to enforce discipline in the army. （在部队里执行纪律是必要的。）

　　2）He strongly objected to enforcing obedience on children. （他强烈反对强迫儿童服从。）

　　4. These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and what they consider unacceptable.

　　represent在本句中做及物动词用，意思是“代表；体现”。如：

　　1）The blue lines on the map represent rivers. （地图上的蓝线代表河流。）

　　2）These views don't represent the real thinking of the local residents. （那些观点并不反映当地居民的真实思想。）

　　句中what引导的是宾语从句，如：

　　1）I will always remember what my mother said to me before I went to college.（我将永远记住我上大学前妈妈对我说的话。）

　　2）I didn't see what they were doing there. （我没看见他们在那儿干什么。）

　　3）His idea couldn't represent what the ordinary people really liked.（他的想法不能代表普通百姓真正所喜欢的东西。）

　　consider是一个常用动词，通常有以下几种用法：

　　1）consider + 宾语

　　He had no time to consider the matter. （他没有时间考虑这件事。）

　　2）consider + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

　　Some people considered the attack a mistake. （有人认为那次进攻是个错误。）

　　3）consider + that 从句

　　We consider that the young man is not guilty. （我们认为那个年轻人无罪。）

　　4）consider + V. + ing

　　He considered changing his job. （他考虑换一份工作。）

　　5）consider to be/as

　　They consider themselves to be very lucky. （他们认为自己很幸运。）

　　He is considered to be an authority. （他被认为是权威。）

　　They considered the house as beautiful. （他们认为那房子很美。）

　　在上面的三个例句中，to be和as都可以被省略，因此三例句可以改写为：

　　They consider themselves lucky.

　　He is considered an authority.

　　They consider the house beautiful.

　　5. They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the audience.

　　aware这个形容词很常用，需好好掌握，在第十二单元中我们已经接触过这个词，在此再巩固一下。

　　1）be aware of

　　If you were aware of all that， you would change your mind. （如果你知道了那一切，你会改变主意的。）

　　2）be aware that

　　He was aware that he had drunk too much. （他知道他喝的太多了。）

　　bother在本句中做动词用，意思是“打扰”。在bother后用不定式则表示“费心去做某事”。如：

　　1）Don't bother me， I have to finish the work in an hour. （别打扰我，我得在一小时内做完这个工作。）

　　2）Don't bother to talk to him. He has no interest in anything. （别费心跟他讲话，他对什么都没兴趣。）

　　audience （观众，听众）当一个整体看待，用做单数；当各成员看待，用做复数。如：

　　1）The audience was （were） enjoying the performance. （观众在欣赏演出。）

　　2）That book has a large audience. （那本书有广大的读者。）

　6. …the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.

　　look-at-me是作者自造的复合形容词，意思是“看我多神气”。

　　as dangerous…as…形容词的同等比较，意思是“与……同样危险”。

　　这句话的意思是“如同吸烟有害我们的肺一样，'那些瞧我多神气’的移动电话使用者的无聊谈话有害我们的精神健康。”

　　英语学习中，经常会有不善区别现在分词做形容词和过去分词做形容词的用法和词意的情况，请看下列例句：

　　A. interested　　interesting

　　1. He is interested in that book.

　　2. The book is interesting

　　B. excited　　exciting

　　1. We were very excited on hearing the news.

　　2. The exciting news was soon spread all over the country.

　　C. bored　　boring

　　1. The audience was bored by the speaker's empty talk.

　　2.The boring lecture made my sleepy.

　　7. …they listen to their walkmans while the teacher is talking to them.

　　listen是一个不及物动词，后面必须加介词to才可以跟宾语，如：听音乐（listen to music），听收音机（listen to the radio），听天气预报（listen to the weather forecast）。请注意，不能丢掉介词to.

　　walkman指随身听。注意其复数形式是在后面加-s，而不是把man改成men.

　　8. Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later.

　　have no idea of sth. 意思是“对……不理解”。have no idea后面接从句，常可省去of，如：

　　1）He had no idea what was likely to happen next. （他无法预料接下去会出现什么情况。）

　　2）I have no idea why she left.（我不知道她为什么离去。）

　　polite是形容词，前面必须用系动词，而在what从句中，做主语用的系动词be则要变成being.如：

　　Being honest means telling no lies. （诚实意味着不说谎话。）

　　句子中的who引导的是一个定语从句，修饰kids，而what则引导了一个同位语从句，对idea的内容加以解释。如：

　　1）I have no idea what will turn up.

　　2）I have no idea how soon they will arrive.

　　3）Word came that they had succeeded.

　　pay the price意思是“付出代价”。如：

　　They will pay the price for their ignorance. （他们将为自己的无知付出代价。）

　　sooner or later意思是“迟早”，如：

　　You will understand me sooner or later. （你迟早会理解我的。）

　　9. When they join the work force， their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized people.

　　associate在本句中做名词，意思是“同事”。

　　alike通常做形容词用，如：The two brothers are very much alike. （这两兄弟非常相象。）在本句子，alike作副词用，意思是“一样地”。

　　1）Teachers and students alike will have a 3-week holiday. （老师和学生一样将有为期三周的假期。）

　　2）The book is interesting and instructive alike. （这书既有趣，也有教益。）

　　句子中的第一个that引导的是一个宾语从句。第二个that则用来替代前面出现过的名词，本句中that替代前面的behavior，意思是“这些粗鲁的年轻人的行为更接近动物的行为。”

　　1）By 1990， production in the area is expected to double that of 1980.

　　2）The weather in Shanghai is milder than that of Beijing.

　　10. Being polite and showing respect can give us an edge.

　　Edge在本句中的意思是“优势”（advantage），如：

　　1）The edge was with our team. （优势在我们队这边。）

　　2）Since he obtained the edge， he was sure to win. （既然他取得了优势，他一定会赢。）

　　3）have an edge over sb. （胜过某人）

　　4）maintain a nuclear edge （保持核优势）

　　本课主要词组

　　1. think of　　　　　　　　　　 2. be impressed by

　　3. fall asleep　　　　 　　　　 4. a trip to

　　5. interact with　　　 　　　 　6. a majority of

　　7. show respect for　　　　　 　8. as well

　　9. be aware of　　　　　　　　  10. listen to

　　11. have no idea　　　　　　　  12. pay the price

　　13. sooner or later　　　　　 　14. be close to

　　15. because of　　　　　　　　  16. get ahead

　　17. give sb. an edge　　　　　  18. be based on

　　Text B   Why we walk in circles

　　短语表达

　　1.rather than

　　He came all the way to China for promoting friendship rather than for making money.

　　He was reading a book rather than watching TV.

　　2.somewhat

　　He felt somewhat tired.

　　This book is somewhat difficult to understand.

　　3.instead of

　　Instead of pushing and crowding， he waited quietly for his turn.

　　He gave us a lot of trouble instead of help.

　　4.go astray

　　The letter had gone astray.

　　Make sure that no sheep go astray.

　　5.keep from

　　The poor child was kept from seeing his mother.

　　The bad weather kept us from getting there as scheduled.

　　6.cut off

　　Cut me off if I talk too much.

　　Gas supplies had now been cut off.

　　7.be worth

　　This book is worth reading.

　　This problem is worth following up.

　　8.reach one's goal

　　You have to work hard to reach your goal.

　　9. such as

　　Many stories such as these will prove instructive to the children.

　　10.intend to

　　He intended to give us an explanation， but he didn't.

　　I didn't intend to hurt you.

　　11.no more…than

　　He is no more a teacher than a writer.

　　We are no more satisfied than you are.

　　12.让步状语从句的倒装

　　Young as he is，he holds an important position in the company.

　　Smart as they are，they are always modest.

　　Child as he was，he knew what was the right thing to do.

　　13.独立结构：with ＋名词＋过去分词

　　With many eyes fixed on her，she felt very nervous.

　　With all the work completed，we felt greatly relieved.

　　With all his savings gone，he had to find a job now.

Text A  How TV Violence Affects Kids

　　本课主要单词

　　1.violence  n. 暴力；强烈

　　violent  adj. 暴力的；强烈的

　　1）Preschool children suffer most from TV violence. （学龄前儿童受暴力电视节目的危害最深。）

　　2）People in that country hated the king to the marrow as he ruled the country with violence.

　　（那个国家的人民对国王恨之入骨，因为他用暴力进行统治。）

　　3）He flung open the door with violence.　（他用劲地猛然把门打开。）

　　4）The violent blow sent him down on his knees.　（那猛烈的一击使他跪倒在地。）

　　5）The doctor told him not to do any violent exercise.　（ 医生嘱咐他不要进行剧烈运动。）

　　2.exposure  n. 暴露；揭露；曝光

　　expose   v. 暴露；使曝光；使遭受；使处于…影响之下；展出

　　1）Too much exposure to sunlight will burn your skin.（过度晒太阳会晒伤皮肤。）

　　2）The exposure of corruption by the media caught the attention of the public.

　　（传媒对腐败的揭露引起了公众的注意。）

　　3）She concealed the secret from her parents， fearing the exposure would stun them.

　　（她对父母隐瞒了这个秘密，担心秘密暴露会令父母震惊。）

　　4）How many exposures have you made？　（你拍了几张照片？）

　　5）His shirt was open， exposing the tattoo on his chest.　（他的衬衣敞开了，露出了刺在胸部的文身。）

　　6）His fatness exposed him to a lot of joking at the office.　（他长得肥胖，因此在办公室常受取笑。）

　　7）He was exposed to music when he was a child.　（他自幼受音乐薰陶。）

　　8）Parents should expose their children to good books.　（父母应让孩子们读好书。）

　　9）He is going to expose all his collections at the auction.　（他打算拍卖时把收藏品全部陈列出来。）

　　3.allocate  v. 分配；把…拨给；把…划归

　　allocation  n. 分配；划拨的款项

　　1）Some doctors and teachers will be allocated to the villagers to help the people there.

　　（一些医生和教师将被派往那些村子帮助那儿的人们。）

　　2）They were dissatisfied with the way resources were allocated.

　　（他们对资源分配的方式不满意。）

　　3）One third of the money has been allocated to the public services.

　　（三分之一的经费已拨给了公用事业。）

　　4）They said the allocation of seats was unfair.（他们说席位的分配不公平。）

　　5）He has a $5000 allocation to cover the expenses.

　　（他有一笔5000美元的拨款以应付各项支出。）

　　4. significantly   adv. considerably （相当数量地）；meaningfully （有意义地）

　　significant    adj. important，meaningful （意义重大的）

　　marked，considerable （不必忽略的；相当数量的）

　　significance   n. consequence （意义；影响）    implication（含义）

　　1）Their opinions don't differ significantly from each other.　（他们俩的看法没有明显差别。）

　　2）He said to us significantly that education of the youth would be vital to the future of a country.　（他意味深长地对我们说年轻人的教育对于一个国家的未来至关重要。）

　　3）July 4 is a significant date for Americans.　（对美国人来说七月四日是一个意义重大的日子。）

　　4）There has been a significant increase in juvenule crime in recent years.（近年来，青少年犯罪活动有了相当大的增加。）

　　5）This is an event of great significance.　（这是一个非常重大的事件。）

　　6）It is necessary to attach great significance to environmental protection.（重视环境保护是必要的。）

　　5.per   prep.  每一，每

　　1）He earns $3000 per month.（他每月挣3000美元。）

　　2）We drove at the speed of 70miles per hour.（我们以每小时70英里的速度行驶。）

　　3）Take the medicine 3times per day.（这药每日服三次。）

　　4）They spent more than 20million pounds per year.（他们每年花费两千万英镑。）

　　6.given  prep. considering （考虑到）

　　1）Given their inexperience， they have done a good job.

　　（考虑到他们缺乏经验，这工作他们做得不错。）

　　2）Given his age， the old man is in good condition.

　　（考虑到老人的年龄，他的身体状况很不错了。）

　　3）Given my interest in oil painting， this is the best place to study.

　　（考虑到我对油画的兴趣，这是学习的最好地方。）

　　4）It seems unreasonable to send him away， given that he is doing quite well.

　　（考虑到他的工作干得很不错，把他解雇是不合理的。）

　　7.adopt   v. take up （采取）； accept （收养）； officially pass （正式通过）

　　1）I don't know if I should adopt a positive attitude towards the whole happening.

　　（我不知道我是否应该对整个事件采取积极态度。）

　　2）Their country adopted press censorship. （他们国家采取了新闻检查制度。）

　　3）They adopted an orphan as they had no child of their own.

　　（他们自己没孩子，所以收养了一个孤儿。）

　　4）The boy was happy as anything when his parents decided to adopt a puppy.

　　（当爸爸妈妈决定收养一条小狗时，那个男孩高兴极了。）

　　5）Congress adopted the new measures. （国会通过了新措施。）

　　6）The National Congress adopted the government report.

　　（全国人大通过了政府工作报告。）

　　请注意区别adopt和adapt

　　adapt  vi. adjust （调节；改变…以适应）

　　vt. revise（校准；调整；改编）

　　1）He had to adapt himself to the new condition.（他不得不使自己适应新的情况。）

　　2）Mr. Wang could not adapt himself to the new climate.

　　（王先生不能适应新的气候。）

　　3）He is adapting the novel for television.（他正把那部小说改编为电视剧。）

　　8.distinguish   v. separate （区别，辨别）；  identify （认出）

　　1）You have to distinguish facts from rumours if you want to form a correct opinion.

　　（如果想有一个正确的观点，你得分辨事实和传闻。）

　　2）He was distinguished from other boys by his height.

　　（他的身高显出他与其它男孩的不同。）

　　3）Some children were unable to distinguish between the letters b and  p.

　　（有些孩子不能分辨字母b和p.）

　　9.fantasy   n. 想像；幻想

　　1）He is always having fantasies about becoming rich.（他总是抱着发财的幻想。）

　　2）To a small child， fantasy and reality are very close to each other .（对幼儿来说，幻想和现实靠得很近。）

　　请注意区别fancy，fantasy，imagination

　　fancy和fantasy多指无事实依据的凭空想像。Fancy的内容多是虚构的，幻想的；fantasy的内容更是荒诞古怪的。

　　Imagination的想像多依据所见所闻或现实内容一般是合理的。

　　1）She went wherever the fancy took her. （她随兴致所至想去哪里就去哪里。）

　　2）These fantasies are sometimes very dangerous to school children. （对学龄儿童来说这些古怪念头是很危险的。）

　　3）Poets， artists and inventors need imagination.　（诗人，艺术家和发明家都需要想像力。）

　　10.underlying   adj. 在下面的；根本的；潜在的

　　1）There are underlying similarities between all human beings.

　　（人与人之间有着潜在的相似之处。）

　　2）The underlying theme of the novel is very serious. （这本小说的潜在主题是极其严肃的。）

　　3）Can you understand the underlying meaning of what he said？　（你能理解他所说的话的含义吗？）

　　4）The underlying structure of this building is no doubt very firm. （这座楼的底层结构无疑是牢固的。）

　　11.motive n. reason， purpose （动机，目的）

　　1）Greed was his only motive for receiving bribery. （贪婪是他受贿的唯一原因。）

　　2）His motive in coming was a wish to achieve mutual understanding. （他来的动机是想达成相互理解。）

　　3）The little boy opened his sister's mail through motives of curiosity. （那个小男孩出于好奇打开了姐姐的邮件。）

　　4）You should question his motive before you approve his conduct. （在你赞同他的所作所为之前应该先质询他的动机。）

　　12.subtlety n. delicacy；sensitivity 微妙之处，细微之处；敏锐

　　subtle adj. 隐约的；微妙的

　　1）Nobody noticed the subtlety of his remarks. （没有人听出他话中的微妙含义。）

　　2）They can sense each other's intentions with great subtlety. （他们能敏锐地感觉到彼此的意图。）

　　3）It is difficult for people from other cultures to master the subtleties of the American joke.

　　（对于来自其他文化的人来说掌握美国笑话的微妙之处是困难的。）

　　4）His whole attitude has undergone a subtle change. （他的整个态度已经有了微妙的变化。）

　　5）He dwelt on the subtle distinction between the two words.

　　（他详述两个词词义的细微差别。）

　　13.moral adj. 有道德的　　　　　 n. 道德；寓意

　　1）He complained that he had witnessed a fall in moral standards.

　　（他抱怨说他目睹了道德标准的衰落。）

　　2）Parents are responsible for the children's moral welfare.

　　（父母应对孩子道德上的健康成长负责。）

　　3）The moral of the story was “A friend in need is a friend indeed ”。

　　（这个故事的教益是“患难之交见真情。”）

　　4）I don't know what moral to draw from all this. （我不知道从所有这一切中应得出何种教训。）

　　5）He has no morals and will do anything for money. （他毫无道德，为了钱什么都干得出来。）

　　14.recovery n. 康复；收回

　　recover v. 恢复；收复；挽回

　　1）He is recovered from his illness.　（他已恢复了健康。）

　　2）She recovered her strength after two days'rest.　（经过两天的休息，她恢复了力气。）

　　3）The police recovered the stolen watch.　（警察追回了失窃的手表。）

　　4）He said he had to work hard to recover the lost time.　（他说他得努力工作，把失去的时间补回来。）

　　5）Mr. Wang insisted that the economic recovery was still slow.　（王先生坚持认为经济复苏还太缓慢。）

　　6）She made a remarkable recovery from the illness.　（她令人惊异地从那场疾病中康复了。）

　　7）The recovery of the lost wallet thrilled the whole family.　（失落钱包的复得使全家人兴奋不已。）

15.unrealistic adj. impractical （不切实际的）

　　1）It is unrealistic to expect better conditions in the near future.

　　（在不远的将来指望有更好的形势是不现实的。）

　　2）This demand proved unrealistic and unworkable. （这个要求证明是不切实际且不可行的。）

　　3）You have unrealistic expectations. （你的期望不切实际。）

　　16.imitate v. 模仿

　　imitation n. 模仿

　　imitative adj. 模仿的；仿制的

　　1）Many writers imitate the language of Shakespeare. （许多作家模仿莎士比亚的语言。）

　　2）His handwriting is difficult to imitate. （他的笔迹很难模仿。）

　　3）Children learn many things by imitation. （儿童通过模仿学会许多东西。）

　　4）Acting is an imitative art. （表演是一种模仿性艺术。）

　　5）Monkeys are imitative （猴儿爱模仿。）

　　17.undermine vt. weaken （侵蚀…基础；暗中破坏；逐渐损害）

　　1）Many severe colds undermined the old man's health.（多次严重的感冒损害了老人的健康。）

　　2）Failures undermined her confidence. （一再的失败使她渐渐丧失了信心。）

　　3）The foundations of the house have been undermined by groundwater.（地下水侵蚀了这座房屋的地基。）

　　18.jeopardize vt. threaten endanger （使处于危险境地；危及，损害）

　　1）He jeopardized his life to save the drowning child. （他冒着生命危害救护那个溺水儿童。）

　　2）He jeopardized his fortune by making bad investments.（他由于投资不当而危及自己的财产。）

　　3）I didn't want to jeopardize my relationship with my new friend.（我不想损害我和新朋友的关系。）

　　19.interpret vt. 解释；口译

　　interpretation n. 解释；口译

　　interpreter n. 口译者

　　1）Literature helps to interpret life. （文学有助于阐明人生的意义。）

　　2）His silence was interpreted as consent. （他的沉默被认为是同意。）

　　3）People often give different interpretations of the past. （人们往往对过去作出不同的解释。）

　　4）He is talking to the foreign guest through an interpreter. （他正通过译员与外国客人交谈。）

　　20.monitor n. 监视器；监控器；监听员；班长　　　　v. 监听；监视；监控

　　1）The patient was connected to the monitor. （一台监控器连接到病人身上。）

　　2）He is the monitor of our class. （他是我们班班长。）

　　3）The police monitored all the phone calls of the suspect. （警察监听了疑犯的所有电话通话。）

　　4）Water flow will be monitored by computer. （水流将由计算机来监测。）

　　21.initiate vt. 开始；发起，倡议；接纳新成员

　　1）We should initiate direct talks with the trade unions.（我们应该与贸易联合会开始直接对话。）

　　2）They initiated a new program of reform. （他们开始实施一项新的改革方案。）

　　3）The club will initiate new members next week. （俱乐部将在下周接纳新成员。）

　　22.restrict vt. 限制；约束

　　restricted adj. 受限制的；有限的

　　restriction n. 限制，约束

　　1）Women in China are no longer restricted to domestic labor now.（现在，中国妇女不再被束缚于家务劳动了。）

　　2）He was restricted in his movements. （他的行动受约束。）

　　3）This rule has a very restricted application （这条规则的适用范围极为有限。）

　　4）The government placed restrictions on sales of weapons. （政府对武器销售实行限制。）

　　23.depict vt. portray （描画，描述）

　　1）The painter tried to depict the splendour of the sunset.（画家试图描绘出日落的壮丽景象。）

　　2）She went on to depict the confusion of departure （她继续描述离开时的混乱情景。）

　　24.imply v. 暗示，含有的意思

　　implied adj. 含蓄的

　　implication n. 含义

　　1）I don't imply that you are wrong. （我的意思不是说你错了。）

　　2）His silence implied consent. （他的缄默表示同意。）

　　3）I don't understand the implied meaning of this sentence. （我不理解这句话的含义。）

　　4）The implication of his statement is that I was wrong. （他这话的含义是我错了。）

　　25.alternative n. 供选择的东西　　　　　　　adj. 两者择一的；供选择的

　　1）He was given the alternative of going on to college or starting to work.（他得在上大学继续求学和开始工作之间作出选择。）

　　2）Is there any alternative to undergoing a surgical operation？（除外科手术外还有其它办法吗？）

　　3）You have no alternative but to stay here overnight. （你只好留宿一夜，别无他法。）

　　4）We should explore alternative possibilities in solving the problem.（我们应该探求各种供选择的可能性来解决这个问题。）

　　5）The alternative plans of having a picnic on taking a boat trip put them in a dilemma.（去野餐或者去乘船旅游二者只能择一的计划使他们左右为难。）

　　本课简介

　　越来越多的事实证明，暴力电视节目对儿童的成长有不良影响，学龄前儿童受暴力电视节目的危害尤深，因为他们尚不完全具备辩别事实与幻想的能力，对人类行为、道德冲突的内在动机也不理解。儿童常常把从电视中看到的行为用于现实生活之中。父母还应帮助儿童理解他们所看的电视节目，父母也要了解幼儿的老师对与战争和暴力相关连的电视节目及儿童玩具的态度，并与那些有共识的其他儿童的父母一同努力，寻求各种方法取代观看暴力电视节目。

　　本课语言点

　　1. For more than a quarter of a century， evidence has been increasing that children's exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior.

　　a quarter （of）“四分之一”，如：a quarter of a pound（四分之一磅）；a quarter of a century（四分之一世纪）；a quarter of a mile（四分之一英里）；a quarter （of a dollar） （25美分）；a quarter of a million（25万）；a quarter （of an hour）（15分钟）。

　　…that children's exposure to violence on television…

　　that 引导的是一个同位语从句，这个同位语从句没有直接跟在名词evidence的后面，而是被has been increasing隔开了。同位语的作用是对它所说明的名词作进一步解释，说明这个名词指的是谁或什么。如：

　　1）I had no idea that he told us a lie. （我不知道他对我们说了谎话。）

　　2）You have to produce enough evidence that he is guilty.（你得拿出足够的证据说明他有罪。）

　　3）There was little possibility that they would succeed. （他们成功的可能性极小。）

　　4）There can be no doubt that TV violence affects children. （毫无疑问，暴力电视节目对儿童有不良影响。）

　　exposure to “暴露于…”，如：

　　1）The best part of the job was her constant exposure to books.（她这个工作的最大优点是能经常接触书籍。）

　　have an effect on “对…有作用（影响）”，如：

　　1）Constant rain had much effect on the harvest. （持续的降雨对收成有很大的影响。）

　　2）The cement factory has much effect on the environment.（水泥厂对环境的影响很大。）

　　3）His persuasion had little effect on her.（他的劝说对她没什么作用。）

　　2.…the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased significantly.

　　…the number of violent acts on television…has increased…。

　　上面两个句子中分别用了amount和number两个词。amount用来修饰从体积，重量，金额等方面着眼的东西，一般在of后接用不可数名词；而number则用以修饰可数的人或物。在第一个句子中，amount of后面用的是不可数名词time，第二个句子中number of后面用的是可数名词acts.再请看例句：

　　1）A large amount of money has been spent on this project.（一大笔钱已经花在了这个工程上。）

　　2）The amount of work assigned to him was formidable.（分配给他做的工作量极大。）

　　3）The number of students of the university has been increasing. （这所大学的学生人数在增加。）

　　4）The number of tourists to that place is limited.（去那个地方旅游的人数有限。）

　　请注意区别act和action这两个名词。①这两个名词都表示“行为”，“行动”的意思，常可互换使用。act强调行为的结果，而不涉及行为的动机与性质，常是即兴，瞬间的举动；action偏重于动作的方式和过程。②act行为的发出者可以是人也可以是物；action只是物。③在须用不可数名词表示总的概念时，多用action，而一般不用act.如：

　　1）The time has come for action/act.（采取行动的时间了。）

　　2）The thoughtless young man did another foolish act.（那个鲁莽的年轻人又做了件傻事。）

　　3）Every sudden emotion quickens the action of the heart.（每件突如其来的令人激动的事情都能加快心跳。）

　　4）Actions speak louder than words.（事实胜于雄辩。）

3.Given the amount of time that children watch television，it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.

　　given在本句中用作介词，意思是considering， taking into account（考虑到），在词汇部分我们已作了比较详细的讲解，再请看两个例句：

　　1）Given they are fresh from university，they've done a great job.（考虑到他们刚走出大学校园，他们干得不错。）

　　2）Given that he has always been dreaming of visiting the great wall， it seems cruel not to take him to Beijing.（他一直梦想游长城，不带他去北京似乎太残酷了。）

　　除了作“考虑到”解释外，given还有如下意思：

　　1）规定的，特点的（形容词）

　　The work must be done within the given time. （工作必须在规定时间内完成。）

　　2）假设的；作为前提的（形容词）

　　Given the chance， she could have done as well as you have.（如果给他这个机会，她会干得跟你一样好。）

　　4.Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs.

　　Shown on and advertised during these programs 在本句中的作用是分词短语作定语，相当于被动语态的定语从句，修饰toys.

　　1）Last night， we saw a documentary dubbed in English.（昨晚，我们看了一部用英文译制的记录片。）

　　2）The play put on by the first-year students was very good.（一年级学生演出的剧目很好。）

　　3）The letters written in pencil are from my brother.（那些用铅笔写的信是我弟弟带来的。）

　　These programs 是 shown on 和advertised during 这两个词组中的介词的共用宾语。如：

　　He doesn't care about and has no interest in other people’s opinion.（对别人的观点他不在乎也没兴趣。）

　　5.With these toys， their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative.

　　With 在本句中表示原因，意思是“由于，因”，如：

　　1）He is in bed with flu.（他因患流感卧病在床。）

　　2）Her eyes were dim with tears.（她的双眼因泪水而模糊。）

　　3）The boy's face was white with nervousness.（那个男孩的脸因紧张而发白。）

　　tend 的后面接不定式，意思是“易于，往往会”，如：

　　1）Plants tend to die in hot weather if you don't water them.（植物在炎热天气如不浇水容易枯死。）

　　2）He tends to get impatient if you ask him more than two questions.（如果你问他两个以上的问题，他往往会不耐烦。）

　　6.The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.

　　在第三单元中，我们已经学过range这个词，意思是“山脉”，“（在某范围内）变动，变化”。而在本句中，range的意思是“范围”，如：

　　1）His reading is of very wide range.（他的阅读面很广。）

　　2）Over the long range， the most important step will be a general tax reform.（从长远看，最重要的步骤是全面实行税制改革。）

　　Make sense of 意思是“了解；弄明白”。如：

　　1）I can not make any sense of what he says.（他的话我弄不懂。）

　　2）His lecture helped me make better sense of the poem.（他的讲解帮助我更好地理解这首诗。）

　　3）I could make no sense of his carelessly written letter.（我看不懂他马马虎虎写的那封信。）

　　7.Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter.

　　have…toy weapons brought into the classroom（把玩具武器带进教室。）have sth. done 是极为常见的用法，如：

　　1）I need to have my bike repaired.（我需要把自行车修一下。）

　　2）He had his files destroyed before he left.（在离开前，他把文件都毁了。）

　　3）She wanted to have the rooms repainted before moving in.（她想在搬入前把房间重新粉刷一遍。）

　　welcome 在本举句中作动词用，这个词也可以作名词和形容词用。请看下面的例句，注意welcome在各例句中的词类。

　　1）He ran to the door to welcome his friends. （他向门口跑去，欢迎他的朋友。）

　　2）Welcome to Beijing.（欢迎到北京来。）

　　3）Her marriage was not welcomed by the family.（她的婚姻不被家人接受。）

　　4）They gave her a warm welcome.（他们给她以热烈欢迎。）

　　5）He received a hero's welcome at the airport.（他在机场受到英雄般的欢迎。）

　　6）You are welcome to use my bike.（我的自行车你尽管用。）

　　7）He is a welcome guest.（他是个受欢迎的客人。）

　　concern about sth. 意思是“对…的关心”，在第九单元中，我们学过be concerned about. 如：

　　1）We are all concerned about his education.（我们都关心他的教育。）

　　2）His parents are very much concerned about his health.（他的父母非常关心他的健康。）

　　3）My concern about the matter is known to all.（人人知道我对这件事的关心。）

　　本课主要词组

　　1. a quarter of　　　　　　　　 2. expose to

　　3. have an effect on　　　　　　4. allocate…to

　　5. point out　　　　　　　　　　6. distinguish from

　　7. tend to　　　　　　　　　　　8. make sense of

　　9. apply…to　　　　　　　　　　10. be crazy about

　　11. put together　　　　　　　　12. ask sb. about sth.

　　13. have sth. done　　　　　　　14. concern about

　　15. an alternative to sth.　　　16. look for

　　Text B   Why don't girls think like boys？

　　短语表达

　　1. do well

　　Many people believe that boys do well in science.

　　Mr. Smith didn't expect that he could do so well in industrial engineering.

　　2. in one's opinion

　　In my opinion， what he said could be true.

　　Parents should be friendly with their children in his opinion.

　　3. be good at

　　He is good at English， but he is better at computer.

　　She is good at imitating other people's way of talking.

　　4. according to

　　According to some doctors， only 1 out of 20 patients who had lung cancer could survive.

　　According to the text， aggression in boys is caused by mothers.

　　5. on the average

　　On the average， girls score higher on tests that measure vocabulary， spelling， and memory.

　　We made 65 miles an hour on the average.

　　6. be determined by

　　People's abilities are not determined by sex.

　　The rise and fall of the prices is determined by supply and demand.

　　7. be headed by

　　One of the scientific research teams was headed by Mr. Watson.

　　This company is headed by John's twin brother.

　　8. be ready to

　　He is always ready to help people in need.

　　She is not ready to take on that kind of responsibility.

　　9. take notes

　　He is amazed to see that students take notes on what he says in class.

　　He decided to take notes of the development of the political events.

　　10. lean against/on

　　She felt weak， so leaned against the wall.

　　He leaned the bike against a tree.

　　11. insist upon/on

　　He insisted on paying the meal.

　　Most companies insist upon having an interview before they accept an employee.

Text A   Heart Disease：Treat or Prevent？

　　本课主要词组

　　1.western  adj. 西方的；西部的

　　Westerner  n.  西方人

　　1）The sun began to turn red on the western horizon.  （太阳在西方地平线上开始变成红色。）

　　2）I've just had four years in Western Nigeria.（我刚在西尼日利亚呆了四年。）

　　3）The impact of western technology on that country was incredible.（西方技术对那个国家的影响是难以置信的。）

　　4）Many Westerners eat too much food rich in sugar and fat， they may die of heart illnesses at an early age.（许多西方人吃太多高糖、高脂的食品，他们可能在年轻时就会死于心脏疾病。）

　　5）Westerners eat with forks and knives， while we Chinese eat with chopsticks.（西方人用刀叉吃饭，而我们中国人用筷子吃饭。）

　　2.alarm  n. 惊恐；担心；闹铃         v.  frighten （使惊恐；向…报警）

　　alarming   adj.  worrying， disquieting （使人惊恐的、令人担心的）

　　1）There is no cause for alarm. （不必恐慌。）

　　2）It is necessary that you install a burglar alarm.（你有必要装防盗警报器。）

　　3）They were alarmed to find the old lady dead.（他们发现老太太死了，大惊失色。）

　　4）The world's forests are shrinking at an alarming rate.（世界森林正以惊人的速度减少。）

　　3. surgery   n. 外科，手术

　　surgical   adj.   外科的；外科手术的

　　surgeon  外科医生

　　1）The patient had suffered a heart attack while under going surgery.（在进行外科手术时，那位病人心脏病发作。）

　　2）The doctor is doing a minor surgery on Mr. Wang's mouth.（医生正在给王先生的口部施行小手术。）

　　3）Some people can have their vision restored by a surgical operation.（有些人可以通过外科手术恢复视力。）

　　4）He works as a brain surgeon in a hospital.（他在一家医院做脑外科医生。）

　　4. technology   n.  技术，工艺

　　technological   adj.   技术的，工艺的

　　1）Science has contributed much to modern technology. （科学对现代技术作出了很大贡献。）

　　2）The advances in science and technology are accelerating.（科学技术正在加速发展。）

　　3）Our belief in the power of modern technology won't change.（我们对现代技术威力的信念不会改变）

　　4）We need to acquire adequate modern scientific and technological knowledge to meet the challenge of the 21st century.（为了迎接二十一世纪的挑战，我们需要掌握足够的现代科学及技术知识。）

　　5）They made another technological breakthrough in the field of petroleum recovering.

　　（他们在石油开采方面又取得了技术突破。）

　　5. advance   v.前进；取得进展           n. 前进，进展，预付

　　1）We have greatly advanced in our understanding of the human brain.（在对人脑的认识方面我们已取得重大进展。）

　　2）The university took every opportunity to advance its prestige.（那所大学抓住每一个机会提高自己的声誉。）

　　3）The date of the meeting was advanced by two weeks.（会议的日期提前了两周。）

　　4）Einstein advanced the theory of relativity.（爱因斯坦提出了相对论的理论。）

　　5）As autumn advanced， the old lady became worse.（秋深了，老妇人的病情变得更加糟糕。）

　　6）Their team has advanced to the semifinals.（他们队已进入半决赛。）

　　7）These young workers have advanced greatly in skill.（这些青工的技术已有很大提高。）

　　8）Material advance and spiritual enrichment should both be emphasized.（物质进步和精神充实都应强调。）

　　9）Remarkable advances have been made recently in medicine.（近来医学方面取得了令人瞩目的进步。）

　　10）He arrived half an hour in advance.（他早到了半小时。）

　　6. enable   v. 使能够，使可能

　　这个动词的用法是在其宾词后接不定式：enable  sb to do sth

　　1）Their help enabled the children to get home safe and sound.  （他们的帮助使孩子们能安然无恙地到家。）

　　2）Planes enable people to travel long distances in a short time.（飞机能使人们在短时间内做长途旅行。）

　　3）His early training enabled him to face everything with confidence.（他的早期训练使他能自信地面对一切。）

　　请注意区别unable和enable.unable是一个形容词，通常用be unable to do sth.意思是“不能够做某事。”

　　He was unable to give us a definite answer.（他不能给我们一个明确答复。）

　　7. benefit   n.  益处      v.  有益于；得益

　　beneficial    adj.  useful  有益的

　　1）Internet has brought innumerable benefits to people.（互联网给人们带来了无数的益处。）

　　2）The changes are to our benefit. （这些改变对我们有利。）

　　3）For the benefit of those who were not here last time， I'll go over what I said first.（为了那些上次没来的人，我将先重复我说过的话。）

　　4）This policy will benefit working families.（这一政策将使职工家庭得到好处。）

　　5）Neither of them will benefit from the insurance company.（他们俩谁也不会从保险公司得到好处。）

　　6）Sunshine and rain are beneficial to the growth of the plants.（阳光和雨水有益于这些植物的生长。）

　　7）Fresh air is beneficial to your health.（新鲜空气有益你的健康。）

　　8.disadvantage     n. 不利地位，不利条件；缺点

　　disadvantaged    处于不利地位的； 贫困的

　　advantage    有利条件；优点，好处

　　1）It put us under a serious disadvantage. （这使我们处于极为不利的地位。）

　　2）The disadvantage of this plan was that it needed more fund.（这个计划的缺点是它需要更多的资金。）

　　3）Those pupils who were inattentive in class would be at a disadvantage.

　　（那些上课不专心的小学生将会处于不利地位。）

　　4）It was to our disadvantage to refuse this proposal.（拒绝这个建议对我们不利。）

　　5）These disadvantaged families need immediate help.（这些贫困家庭急需帮助。）

　　6）The new system has a lot of advantages over the old one. （新系统与旧系统相比有许多优点。）

　　7）It might be to your advantage to quit this job. （辞掉这份工作也许对你有利。）

　　8）His experience gives him the advantage over us.（他的经验使他比我们更有优势。）

　　9）They took advantage of her lack of business sense to cheat her. （他们利用她缺少商业意识来欺骗她。）

　　10）We must take advantage of this opportunity to practise our oral English.（我们必须利用这个良机练一练英语口语。）

　　9. resource n. 常用复数 资源，财力；应付的办法

　　1）The North-eastern area of China is rich in timber resources. （中国的东北地区木材资源丰富。）

　　2）Oil is kuwait's most important resource. （石油是科威特最重要的资源。）

　　3）We don't have adequate human resources for this project. （我们没有足够的人力资源来完成这个项目。）

　　4）He spent all his resources on educating his only son. （他把所有的财力都花在了独生子的教育上了。）

　　5）He is a man of great resource. （他是个足智多谋的人。）

　　6）We are now at the end of our resources.（我们现在正是智穷才尽。）

　　10. prevent    v. 阻止，妨碍，预防

　　prevention    n. 预防，妨碍

　　1）Nothing would prevent us from going to help them.（什么也阻止不了我们去帮助他们。）

　　2）The rain prevented its from having the match.（那场雨使我们不能举行比赛。）

　　3）This medicine will prevent you from catching cold. （这种药可以使你预防感冒。）

　　4）Keeping dry is a prevention against cold. （保持干燥可以预防感冒。）

　　5）Prevention is better than cure. （防病胜过医病。）

　　11. equip   v. 配备，装备，赋予

　　equipment   n. 装备，设备

　　1）They are going to build a park equipped with a playground， ball fields and a museum.

　　（他们准备建造一个设有游戏场，球场和博物馆的公园。）

　　2）Not all microscopes are equipped to do this. （不是所有的显微镜都能做这件事。）

　　3）He is equipped with a deep sense of justice. （他具有深切的正义感。）

　　4）This is an important piece of equipment. （这是一件重要设备。）

　　5）They exported a million dollars worth of electrical equipment. （他们出口了价值一百万美元的电气设备。）

　　12.emphasis  n. 强调；重点

　　emphasize  v. 强调，着重

　　1）The report placed particular emphasis on the need to improve agriculture.

　　（报告特别强调必须改进农业生产。）

　　2）Much emphasis is being placed on learning those basic skills. （对基本技能的学习正在得以强调。）

　　3）He emphasized the importance of being honest. （他强调诚实的重要性。）

　　4）John emphasized a point I had made previously.

　　（约翰强调了我此前提出的一个观点。）

　　13.stress  n. 压力；重音；强调          v. 强调；着重

　　1）Not all of us can cope with the stresses of modern life. （并非我们每一个人都能应付现代生活的紧张。）

　　2）Continued stress may result in mental illnesses. （持续的紧张可能导致精神疾病。）

　　3）My parents put great stress on good manners. （我父母很强调要有好的行为举止。）

　　4）The teacher said the stress should be on the second syllable. （老师说重音在第二个音节上。）

　　5）He stressed the need for better education. （他强调需要更好的教育。）

　　6）I ought to stress that this was only a trial balloon. （我应该强调这只是个试飞方案。）

　　14.lack   n./ v. 缺乏，不足，没有

　　lacking  adj. 缺少的

　　1）He abandoned his research work for lack of fund. （由于缺乏资金，他放弃了他的研究工作。）

　　2）There is a lock of protein in his diet.（他的饮食中蛋白质不足。）

　　3）If you lack anything， please let me know.（如果你缺少什么东西，请告诉我。）

　　4）In any case， he doesn't lack for money.（总之，他并不缺钱。）

　　5）Money was lacking for the plan.（此项计划缺钱。）

　　6）He is lacking in courage.（他勇气不足。）

　　请注意区别short  of 和lack of.short 是形容词，而lack 是名词。

　　1）We are short of hands.（我们缺少人手。）

　　We lack nothing but encouragement.（我们只缺少鼓励。）

15. connect    v.   连接

　　connection  n. 连接，关系

　　1）the bridge connects the island with / to the mainland.（这座桥接连着这个岛屿与大陆。）

　　2）Please connect me with Shanghai.（请给我接通上海。）

　　3）He doesn't know anything about the connection between the moon and the tides.

　　（他对月球与潮汐的关系一无所知。）

　　4）He has no connection with the criminal case.（他与那件刑事案件无关。）

　　16. sufficient  adj 足够的，充分的

　　1）The food is sufficient to feed 10 people.（这些食物足够十个人吃。）

　　2）Japan has a sufficient reserve of oil.（日本有充足的石油储备。）

　　请注意区别adequate，enough和sufficient.三个词都有“足够的”意思。enough为一般用语，有时可与adequate互换。enough常用来表示数量或程度，不宜用于表示性质、质量；而adequate 既可用于描述数量或程度，也可用于描述性质、质量。sufficient与enough同义，前者多用于书面语。

　　1）Do you have enough time？

　　2）His income is not adequate to his needs.

　　We haven't sufficient time to do the work.

　　本课简介

　　心脏病在西方国家已成了健康的头号杀手，仅在英国，每天就有约400人死于心脏病。于是人们投入大量的人力、物力施行心脏手术。心脏手术无疑使无数患者受益，但是过分强调对心脏病进行手术治疗则带来了三个弊端。其一是对心脏病的预防不加重视；其二是医疗费用攀升；其三是由于有现成的设备和技术，医生们往往会给不需要动手术的病人做手术。近期的医学研究强调，人们必须对引发心脏病的因素，如压力、抽烟、缺少体育运动等加以重视。生活方式与心脏病之间是有联系的，因此，人们意识到自己必须为自身的健康负责，改变饮食习惯，减轻生活压力，减少抽烟，多多运动都是预防心脏病的有效方式。预防心脏病比治疗心脏病更重要。

　　本课语言点

　　1. One of the greatest killers in the Western World is heart disease.

　　请注意主谓一致的问题

　　A：one of +复数名词做主语时，后面的谓语用单数形式：

　　1）One of the longest rivers in the world is in China. （世界上最长的河流之一在中国。）

　　2）One of the most famous circuses in East Europe is coming to China. （东欧最有名的马戏团之一将来中国。）

　　3）One of the most expensive cars in the parking lot belongs to Mr. Watson.（停车场里最昂贵的汽车之一是华生先生的。）

　　B：one of +复数名词+定语从句时，定语从句一般被看作修饰复数名词，因此从句中的谓语要用复数形式。例如：

　　1）This is one of  the best films that have released this year. （这是今年发行的最佳影片之一。）

　　2）Mr. Wang is one of those people who are hard to deal with. （王先生属于那种很难打交道的人。）

　　3）He is one of those persons who always think they are right. （他属于那些总认为自己正确的人。）

　　2. The death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years.

　　本句中的时态是现在完成进行时，由has （have） been加现在分词构成，主要表现以前这一段时间里一直在进行的一个动作，这个动作也可能仍然在进行，如：

　　1）What book have you been reading recently？ （你最近在看什么书？）

　　2）How have you been getting on with your work？ （工作进行得怎么样？）

　　3）All these years they have been contributing articles to our newspaper. （这些年来他们一直为我们报纸写稿。）

　　at an alarming speed的意思是“以惊人的速度”

　　1）We are driving at the speed of 60 miles an hour. （我们正以每小时60英里的速度行驶。）

　　2）He is running at top speed. （他正以最快速度奔跑。）

　　3）Tom is working at it at full speed. （汤姆正在拼命地干。）

　　4）He found the small town changing at an astonishing speed. （他发现那个小城正以惊人的速度变化着。）

　　3. Today in Britain， for example， about four hundred people a day die of heart disease.

　　在英语中die of和die from都表示“死于”，这两者之间的区别在于：

　　die of 通常指因疾病、情感而死。如：

　　1）The lady died of grief after the death of her husband. （丈夫去世后，这位女士也因哀伤而死。）

　　2）In that country many children died of malnutrition. （在那个国家，许多孩子死于营养不良。）

　　3）I'm dying of boredom. （我烦死了。）

　　4）Many sheep died of starvation in the thick snow.（许多绵羊在厚厚的积雪中饿死。）

　　die from 通常指死于意外的原因及不正常的原因。如：

　　1）My grandfather died from a heart attack.（我爷爷死于心脏病。）

　　2）She died from a traffic accident.（她死于一场交通事故。）

　　3）He is said to have died from working too hard till late every night.（据说他因每晚熬夜而劳累致死。）

　　4）The workman died from the explosion.（那位工人因发生爆炸而死。）

　　4. Western health-care systems are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease.

　　首先我们看一下，spend…on 和spend … in 的区别。它们共同的意思是“把…发费在…上”。

　　当spend 的宾语是金钱时，spend on 后面接名词，spend in 后面接动名词，in 有时可省略。

　　当spend 的宾语是时间时， spend on 和 spend in 后都可接名词或动名词，接名词时意思相同；接动名词时 spend on 的含意是“把时间花在…上”， spend in 的含意是“在…上花了时间”。如：

　　1）He spends nearly one third of his monthly income （in） buying books.（他把每月收入的三分之一用来买书。）

　　2）She spent a great deal of money on the new car.（她花了许多钱买这辆新车。）

　　3）He doesn't spend much time on his homework.（他花在做作业上的时间不多。）

　　4）She spent three hours （in ）watching TV.（她看电视耗掉了三个小时。）

　　我们再来看一下cost，spend，pay，take的区别。

　　spend和pay的主语只能是人；cost的主语是物。take在接时间主语也可以是人。take和cost还可以用动词不定式或动词不定式短语作真实主语，而it作形式主语。

　　pay的搭配范围较窄，多接金钱；cost的搭配范围很宽，除了金钱和时间外还可以接劳力、精力、财富、健康甚至生命等。

　　spend 可接动名词，而cost，pay，take只接动词不定式。

　　spend，take，pay可用于被动结构；而cost不能用于被动结构。

　　1）That bike cost me 350 yuan. （那辆自行车花了我350元。）

　　2）The work cost me a lot of time and effort.（这项工作花了我大量的时间和精力。）

　　3）Careless driving cost him his life.（粗心驾车使他丧了命。）

　　4）I paid him 200yuan for this painting.（我付他200元买了这幅画。）

　　5）They refused to pay us the money.（他们拒绝给我们付钱。）

　　6）They spend all his earrings. （他挣多少花多少。）

　　7）They spend a lot of money on advertising.（他们花大笔的钱做广告。）

　　8）Two hours a day were spent in practising.（每天花两个小时进行训练。）

　　9）The work took us a week to finish.（我们花了一星期的时间完成这项工作。）

　　10）It takes him an hour to finish his homework every day.（他每天要用一小时完成作业。）

　　5. This emphasis on treatment is clearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in the past 10 to 15 years.

　　在emphasis的后面通常接介词on，常用于搭配使用的动词有place，put，lay等 ，如：

　　He places （puts，lays） great emphasis on education.  他特别强调教育的重要。）

　　associate with 意思是“使…联系在一起”，“交往”。

　　1）We naturally associate the name of Darwin with the doctrine of evolution.（我们很自然地把达尔文的名字和进化论联系在一起。）

　　2）They were closely associated with each other during the war.（战争期间，他们之间关系密切。）

　　3）Rain fall is associated with humidity.（下雨与湿度有关。）

　　4）They prefer to associate with young people.（他们更喜欢与年轻人交往。）

　　6. …modern technology has enabled doctors to develop new surgical techniques and procedures.

　　请注意本句中的enable 是动词，其用法是 enable sb. to do sth. 在词汇部分我们已有详细讲解，再请看两个例句：

　　1）His patience enabled him to make the child tell him the truth. （他的耐心使他能让那孩子对他说实话。）

　　2）His efficiency enabled him to finish the work a head of schedule. （他的高效率使他能提前完成这项工作。）

　　7.…it causes the costs of general hospital care to rise.

　　本句中cause用作动词，cause sb. to do sth. （使某人做某事），cause sth. to happen （使某事发生），如：

　　1）What caused you to change your mind？（什么使你改变了主意？）

　　2）What caused the boat of turn over？ （是什么致使翻船？）

　　1）His laziness caused him to fall behind others.（他的懒惰使他落在了别人后面。）

　　句中的cost 不是动词，而是个名词，意思是“费用、开销”。

　　1）The price is high because production costs are very great. （价格昂贵，因为生产成本极大。）

　　2）There is no way to reduce the living cost.（没有办法降低生活费用。）

8. After hospitals buy the expensive equipment that is necessary for modern heart surgery， they must try to recover the money they have spent.

　　本句中的equipment 是不可数名词，不能在后面加s.equipment后面的谓语动词也用单数形式。

　　1）The modern equipment enables them to double their production.（现代化的设备使他们能把产量翻倍。）

　　2）They decided to buy some new equipment.（他们决定购买新设备。）

　　3）Advanced equipment is necessary for this work.（干这个活需要先进的设备。）

　　还请注意，recover 在本句中的意思是get back（回收）。

　　1）We must try to recover lost time.（我们必须设法弥补失去的时间。）

　　2）They recovered increased costs through higher prices.（他们通过提高价格来补偿上涨的成本。）

　　9. In the past， people tended to think that it was sufficient for good health to have a good doctor who could be relied on to know exactly what to do when they became ill.

　　That引导的是一个宾语从句。在这个宾语从句中，it 做形式主语，真正的主语是to have a good doctor.  Who引导的是一个定语从句，修饰doctor.what to do 做know的宾语。这句话的意思是，“过去，人们往往认为有个可以信赖的好医生就足以使他们有好身体，因为这个医生知道在他们生病时究竟该做什么。”

　　本课主要词组

　　1. at an alarming speed

　　2. die of

　　3. spend money on

　　4. emphasis on

　　5. associate with

　　6. take place

　　7. enable sb. to do sth.

　　8. increase in

　　9. benefit from

　　10. point out

　　11. cause…to…

　　12. be encouraged to do sth.

　　13. not at all

　　14. pay attention to

　　15. as a result

　　16. rely on

　　17. take responsibility for

　　18. succeed in

　　19. take up

　　20. be aware of

　　21. instead of

　　22. decrease in

　　Text B   Dieting Your Way to Health

　　短语表达

　　1. consider doing sth.

　　He is considering changing his present job.

　　Have you ever considered moving to the suburb？

　　2. go on a diet

　　She decided to go on a diet to keep her weight down.

　　The doctor suggested that he should go on a diet to lose some weight.

　　3. sometime

　　I remember meeting him sometime two years ago.

　　I believe we will meet again sometime in the future.

　　4. regardless of

　　He went to see the old lady every week regardless of wind or rain.

　　These pineapples are sold for the same price regardless of their size.

　　5. have…in common

　　The twin brothers had no interests in common.

　　6. do harm to

　　Excessive drinking and smoking will do harm to your health.

　　His lies will surely do harm to his integrity.

　　7. slow down

　　It is dangerous for you to drive so fast. Please slow down.

　　I have to persuade my father to slow down a bit. He has been too busy recently.

　　8. convert to

　　The food we eat is converted into energy.

　　After Einstein finished using the tube of shaving cream， he reverted to using plain water.

　　9. lose interest in

　　If you don't encourage him he will soon lose interest in this project.

　　He said he had long lost interest in playing video games.

　　10. go on

　　He was not aware of what was going on around him.

　　It is so noisy outside. What is going on？

　　11. resistance to

　　The doctor did not expect he would have resistance to this antibiotic.

　　This child's resistance to illness is too low.

　　12. be essential

　　English is essential for his diplomatic work.

　　Regular exercise is essential for his recovery.

　　13. have difficulty doing sth.

　　He had difficulty making himself understood.

　　The young man had difficulty in reading these technical drawings.

　　14. suffer from

　　Some people suffer from heart illness at an early age.

　　He is suffering from breath difficulty.

　　15. take the place of

　　Who is going to take the place of Miss Li when she is away？

　　Artificial sweeteners are recommended to take the place of sugar and other natural sweeteners.

　　16. lead to

　　His explanation led to great confusion.

　　17. result in

　　The workers' strike resulted in the management yielding to their demand.

　　His lack of business sense resulted in his bankruptcy.

　　18. provide sb. with sth.

　　They will be provided with all the daily necessities.

　　Nature provides the wild animals with the necessary safeguards.

　　19. substitute for

　　There is no substitute for good food and exercise.

　　He substituted for the worker who was ill.