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自考英语(一)课堂笔记完整版  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:39:30 [只看该作者]

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Unit1

  Text A How to be a successful language learner?

  本课主要单词

  1. successful adj. 成功的

  He is a successful writer. (他是一个有成就的作家。)

  He hopes he will be successful this time. (他希望他这次能够成功。)

  success n. 成功

  Their film is a great success.(他们的影片很成功。)

  We are sure of success. (我们一定能成功。)

  succeed v. 成功

  I succeeded in getting the job. (我成功地得到了这份工作。)

  She succeeded in passing the exam. (她考试及格了。)

  2. adult adj. & n. 成年的,成熟的;成年人

  These adult films are not suitable for children.(这些******影,儿童不宜观看。)

  Don''t worry too much about him, he is an adult now.(别为他过分担心,他是成年人了。)

  3. disagree vi. 有分歧,不同意;不符,不一致

  agree vi. 同意

  I disagree with you about this.〔对于这件事,我跟你的意见不同。〕

  These figures disagree with last week''s results.(这些数据与上周的结果不符。)

  I agree with what you said. (我同意你所说的。)

  She agreed to the plan.(她赞成这个计划。)

  We haven''t agreed on the date of the meeting.(我们还没商定会议的日期。)

  agreement n. 同意;协议

  disagreement n. 不同意

  We haven''t reached an agreement yet.(我们还没达成协议。)

  There was no disagreement, and the proposal was accepted.(没有不同意见,这个建议被接受了。)

  (请注意:前缀dis-通常可以加在动词,名词,形容词前面,构成反意词。例如:dissatisfy,disorder,disable. 后缀-ment加在动词的后面,构成名词。例如:arrangement,argument 等。)

  4. statement n. 声明,陈述 (由动词state 加名词后缀-ment构成)

  Very soon he made his first public statement about the affair. (他很快就此事件首次发表公开声明。)

  Do you believe the witness''s statement? (你相信证人的陈述吗?)

  (请注意动词与名词的搭配:issue a statement, make a statement)

  5. guarantee n. & v. 保证,担保,保修

  He gave his guarantee that he would repay the money as soon as he could.(他保证他会尽快还钱。)

  The washing machine is guaranteed for five years.(这台洗衣机保用5年。)

  (请注意guarantee做动词的用法:guarantee sth.,guarantee that, guarantee against / from )

  6. intelligent adj. 聪明的,明智的

  He made an intelligent decision.(他做出了明智的决定。)

  Human beings are much more intelligent than animals.(人类远比动物聪明。)

  Intelligence n. 聪明,智力

  She prided herself on her intelligence.(她为自己的聪明感到自豪。)

  Intelligently adv. 聪明地,明智地

  They dealt with the problem intelligently.(他们明智地处理了这个问题。)

  7. conversely adv. 相反地

  Some are wealthy but unhappy; conversely, others are happy but not wealthy.

  (有的人富有但不快乐,相反,另一些人快乐但不富有。)

  converse adj. 相反的

  I hold the converse opinion.(我的观点相反。)

  converse v. 交谈,谈话

  He felt it difficult to converse with Helen in English.(他觉得跟海伦用英语交谈很困难。)

  8. similar adj. 相似的,类似的

  The two animals are similar to each other in appearance.(这两只动物外表很相似。)

  similarity n. 相似,类似

  Their differences are more noticeable than their similarities.(他们的不同之处比相同之处更明显。)

  9. independent adj. 独立的,自主的

  (这个词的词根是depend,在depend的后面加上后缀 -ent可以构成形容词,加上 -ence则可以构成名词;在dependent,dependence前面加上前缀 in- 又可以构成反义词。)

  depend v. 依靠,依赖

  dependence n. 依靠,依赖

  dependent adj. 依靠的,依赖的

  independence n. 独立,自主

  India won its independence in 1947.(印度于1947年赢得了独立。)

  10. clue n. 线索,提示

  The police searched all the houses but found no clues.(警察搜索了所有的房屋,但是没有发现任何线索。)

  (注意用法:find /give a clue to sth.)

  11. conclusion n. 结论,推论

  conclude v. 断定,决定

  (注意用法:come to a conclusion,jump at a conclusion,draw a conclusion,reach a conclusion)

  What conclusions did you come to?(你得出了什么结论?)

  12. communicate v. 交流,交际,通讯

  communication n. 交流,通讯

  communicative adj. 爱说话的

  To communicate with him is no easy job, as he is not a communicative person.(他是一个不爱说话的人,与他交流可不容易。)

  Speech and writing are man''s most important methods of communication.(说和写是人类最重要的交流方式。)

  13. inexact adj. 不正确的,不精确的

  与independent一样,该词是由形容词 exact加前缀in- 构成的。

  14. incomplete adj. 不完整的

  complete adj.& v. 完整的;完成

  This is an incomplete sentence, please add the omitted part and make it complete.

  〔这是一个不完整的句子,请加上省略的成分使其完整。〕

  I don''t think I can complete the work in 2 hours. 〔我想我在两小时内干不完这活。〕

  15. purpose n. 目的,意图,用途

  purposeful adj. 有目的的,有意图的

  purposefully adv. 有目的地,蓄意地

  The purpose of the meeting was to discuss his proposal.〔会议的目的是讨论他的建议。〕

  He let out the information purposefully to you.〔他有意向你透露了这个消息。〕

  16. regularly adv. 经常地,定期地

  regular adj. 经常的,定期的

  irregular adj. 不规则的,无规律的

  If you review your lessons regularly, you will do well on tests.

  〔如果你定期复习功课,就能在考试中取得好成绩。〕

  17. technique n. 技术,技巧,手艺

  Good study techniques help him to be one of the straight A students in his class.

  〔良好的学习技巧使他成为班上的全优生之一。〕

  18. outline v.& n. 概括;大纲,提纲;轮廓

  He listened carefully as I outlined my reasons.〔在我简述我的原因时,他认真地听着。〕

  The English teacher asked us to write a brief outline of the story.

  〔英语老师让我们写这篇故事的概要。〕

  He saw the outline of the house in the moonlight.(在月光下,他看到了那座屋子的轮廓。)

  本课主要词缀

  1. 名词后缀 -ment

  agreement, statement

  2. 名词后缀 -ation, -ion, -sion

  communication, completion, conclusion

  3. 名词后缀 -ity

  similarity, regularity

  4. 名词后缀 -ence

  intelligence, independence

  5. 形容词后缀 -ful

  successful, purposeful

  6. 副词后缀 -ly

  conversely, regularly, purposefully

  7. 反义词前缀 in

  inexact, incomplete, independent

  8. 反义词前缀 dis

  disagree, discover

  本课简介

  How to Be a Successful Language Learner 是一篇典型的说明文。此类文章通常以逻辑顺序安排材料,作者要回答HOW或WHY方面的问题。在说明文的阅读与写作中,要注意抓主题句以及使文章内容启承转合的常用词句。

  本课中,作者从一句引言入手,先谈了人们对语言学习的看法,然后阐述了自己对学好语言的看法。文章条理十分清楚,对我们学写说明文很有帮助。

  本课语言点

  1. Learning a language is easy.

  这是一个 主语+动词+表语 (SVP)句型。句中learning a language为动名词短语,在句子中做主语。再如:

  Forgetting the past means betrayal.(忘记过去就意味着背叛。)

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 阅读英语比讲英语容易。 (Reading English is easier than speaking it.)

  2) 集邮是我弟弟的爱好。(Collecting stamps is my little brother''s hobby.)

  2. Even a child can do it.

  even在句中作副词用,加强语气,表示“甚至(…也),连(…都)”。如:He even didn''t trust his best friend.(他甚至不信任他最好的朋友。)

  请注意even与 even if / though的区别并翻译下面的句子:

  1) 这个我连听都没听过。(I haven''t even heard of it.)

  2) 即使花了数天时间复习,他也没能考好。(He didn''t do well in the exam even though he spent days reviewing.)

  3. Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.

  句中who are learning a second language为定语从句,修饰先行词most adults,再如:

  The man who wrote this book is a teacher.(写这本书的人是一位教师。)

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 穿蓝色夹克的那个男孩是我们的班长。

  (The boy who is in a blue jacket is our monitor.)

  2) 你昨天借给我的那本书很有趣。

  (The book that you lent me yesterday is very interesting.)

  句中的would是助动词,表示“可能”,“(将)会”。例如:

  A picnic without you wouldn''t be fun.(野餐没你参加会很没意思。)

  助动词would的用法很多,概括起来主要有如下几种:

  1) 表示过去将来时:I felt confident that everything would be all right.

  2) 表示意愿:I asked him not to do it, but he wouldn''t listen to me.

  3) 表示习惯性:Every evening, we would go for a walk along the river.

  4) 表示虚拟,假设,条件:If you had come earlier, you would have seen him.

  5) 表示婉转地请求或建议:Would you look after my cat while I am away?


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:39:53 [只看该作者]

 

Unit1

  4. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.

  注意句中hundreds of hours的用法,阅读课本第六页注解2.

  请翻译下面的词组:

  1) 十个学生 ten students

  数十个学生 tens of students

  2) 五百年 five hundred years

  数百年 hundreds of years

  3) 两千年 two thousand years

  数千年 thousands of years

  4) 三百万美元 three million dollars

  数百万美元 millions of dollars

  5. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.

  句中be different from 意为“与…不同”,如:My opinion is different from yours.(我的观点与你的观点不同。)

  请注意下面三个句子中所用的词组:

  Man is different from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use a language.

  Man differs from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use a language.

  The greatest difference between man and all the other animals is his ability to learn and use a language.

  从上面的句子中可以看出differ是动词,different 是形容词,difference是名词。

  6. … find it difficult to succeed in language learning.

  … find it difficult to succeed in other fields.

  句中的it是形式宾语(formal object),真正的宾语(real object)是不定式to succeed in language learning,此类用法在英语中很常见,请注意掌握。如:At first I found it difficult to remember all these new words.(开始我感到记住这些单词很难。)

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 外面的噪音使我无法继续工作。

  (The noise outside made it difficult for me to go on with my work.)

  2) 他们觉得再争论下去是浪费时间。

  (They consider it a waste of time to argue any further.)

  3) 她认为把真相告诉小王是对的。

  (She thought it right to tell Xiao Wang the truth.)

  7. Language teachers often offer advice to language learners.

  本句中注意掌握动词offer的用法,请看下面的例句:

  1) He offered me a cup of tea after I sat down. (我坐下后他给我端来一杯茶。)

  2) What suggestions would you like to offer to those young teachers? (对这些新教师你有什么建议要提吗?)

  3) This shop offers all kinds of stationery.(这家商店供应各种文具。)

  4) The old man offered me 100 yuan for the used bike.

  (那个老人向我出价100元买这辆旧自行车。)

  5) She offered to help me with my English.(她表示愿意帮我学英语。)

  句中的advice为不可数名词,其后不加s,正如课本第六页注解3所说,有许多东西在汉语中是可数的,在英语中却是不可数的。如news, information, paper 等,若要表示“一个”这类概念,就必须加a piece of这类定语,例如:

  a piece of news

  a piece of advice

  a sum of money

  a piece of bread

  8. Read as much as you can.

  句中的much 是副词,用副词作同等比较时,可以用as … as和so … as 这种结构,如:

  1) Read as much as you can and your vocabulary will be enlarged.(尽量多阅读,你的词汇量就会扩大。)

  2) We must arrange everything as well as we can.(我们要把一切尽可能地安排好。)

  3) Please give me a call as soon as possible.(请尽早给我打电话。)

  4) I don''t speak English so well as you.(我英语讲得没你好。)

  9. Practice speaking the language every day.

  practice 在美国英语中可以做动词也可以做名词,而在英国英语中,practice是名词,动词的拼写则是practise.

  作动词用时,其后只能跟动名词,不能跟不定式。如:It is really no fun to practice running in such hot weather.(在这样炎热的天气里练跑步可真不是好玩的。)

  10. Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.

  that successful language learners are similar in many ways 是宾语从句。在非正式场合下that引导宾语从句时可省略。如:I think (that) you are right.

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 小男孩承认是他打碎了窗玻璃。

  (The little boy admitted that he broke the window.)

  2) 大量证据表明他是有罪的。(Plenty of evidence shows that he is guilty.)

  3) 我保证将会给他更多的帮助。(I promised that I would give him more help.)

  11. … they discover their own way to learn the language. to learn the language

  不定式做定语,例如:Is it the best way to solve the problem?(这是解决问题的最好方法吗?)

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 他没有勇气承认自己是无知的。(He has no courage to say that he is ignorant.)

  2) 这将是一个交流思想的好机会。(This will be a good opportunity to exchange ideas.)

  3) 他们在会上没有发言权。(They had no right to speak at the meeting.)

  12. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and rules for themselves.

  动词不定式to explain和名词 teacher构成复合结构,作wait for的宾语,称为复合宾语。此类用法在英语中很常见,例如:

  1) I''ll get someone to repair the bike for you.(我去找人来帮你修自行车。)

  2) He wants you to call him in the afternoon.(他要你下午给他打电话。)

  3) The teacher is waiting for the students to answer the questions.(老师在等学生们回答问题。)

  4) You can count on him to give you full support.(你放心,他会给你全力支持。)

  请注意 instead of 与 instead 的区别:

  1) Instead of staying at home watching TV, he went out for a walk.

  He didn''t stay at home watching TV, instead he went out for a walk.

  2) Instead of having milk for breakfast, he had a cup of coffee.

  He didn''t have milk for breakfast, instead he had a cup of coffee.

  13. When they guess wrong, they guess again.

  wrong常常作形容词或动词用,而本句中的wrong则作副词用。请注意下面句子中wrong的词类:

  1) He was annoyed that he had been given some wrong information.(wrong adj.错误的)

  2) I knew I had wronged her terribly when I gave her all the complaints.(wrong v. 冤枉)

  3) The whole class burst into laughter when the teacher pronounced her name wrong.(wrong adv.错,不对)

  14. … they look for such a chance.

  句中的such是前置限定词,可放在可数或不可数名词前,如:

  1) I''ve never seen such beautiful scenery.(我从没见过这样美丽的景色。)

  2) He didn''t expect that the audience would give him such a response.(他没料想到观众们会给予如此反应。)

  3) She didn''t feel like going out on such a cold day.(她不想在如此寒冷的日子里出门。)

  从下面的句子中可以看出so与such的区别,so是副词,通常用来修饰形容词或副词:

  1) The question was so difficult that nobody could answer it.

  (这个问题太难了,没人能回答。)

  2) His eyesight was so poor that he couldn''t see anything clearly.

  (他的视力不好,什么也看不清。)

  3) He ran so fast that nobody could catch up with him.

  (他跑得那么快,没有人能赶上他。)

  15. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.

  不定式短语to learn to think in the language是句子的真正主语。it常常被用来代替不定式,在句子中充当形式主语,而把真正的主语移到句子后面去,这样使句子显得比较平稳。为了说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,便在不定式前加for引起的短语。又如:

  1) It is not at all difficult for him to understand the poem.

  2) It is necessary for us to lend him a helping hand at this time.

  more important than是形容词比较级形式,请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 汤姆的年龄比玛丽大。(Tom is older than Mary.)

  2) 这本书比那本书更有趣。(This book is more interesting than that one.)

  3) 我们班的学生人数比他们班的多。(There are more students in our class than in theirs.)

  16. … you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully.

  句中所用的时态为现在完成进行时,表示一个动作从过去的某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去。又如:

  1) He has been working for a whole day.

  2) They have been watching TV for two hours.

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 老李已经在南京生活了二十年。(Lao Li has been living in Nanjing for 20 years.)

  2) 雨下多久了?(How long has it been raining?)

  3) 我等了他一个多小时了。(I have been waiting for him for more than an hour.)

  17. … if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.

  less than用在形容词的前面是为了给所要表述的内容增加否定意味。又如:It would be less than fair to put all the blame on him.(把所有的责任都加在他身上是不太公平的。)

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 父亲对他的成绩不太满意。(Father was less than satisfied with his performance.)

  2) 这个计划远不够完美。(The plan was a good deal less than perfect.)

  do well to do sth. 的意思是“最好…做”,如:She would do well to go away from these

  dishonest people.(她最好远离这些不诚实的人。)

  本课主要词组

  1. disagree with 2. be different from

  3. succeed in 4. offer sth. to sb.

  5. as much as 6. practice doing sth.

  7. be similar to 8. first of all

  9. depend on 10. instead of

  11. wait for 12. look for

  13. learn from 14. communicate with

  15. be willing to 16. be interested in

  17. in order to 18. on the other hand

  19. less than 20. do well to do sth.

  本课主要句型

  A. 动名词做主语

  1) Learning a language is easy.

  2) Learning a language is a very difficult task.

  B. 定语从句

  1) Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.

  2) Some people who are intelligent and successful in their fields…

  3) They are good guessers who find clues and form their own conclusions.

  4) They find people who speak the language…

  5) …they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.

  C. it 做形式宾语

  1) …some people…find it difficult to succeed in…

  2) They find it easy to practice using the language regularly…

  D. it 做形式主语

  1) It is more important for them to learn to think…

  2) It is necessary for them to learn the language…

  Text B Language

  1. not only…but also (不但……而且)

  例:To some people language learning is not only time-consuming, but also difficult.

  You can find the place not only with the help of a map, but also by asking the way.

  2. up and down (上上下下,前前后后)

  例:His eyes moved up and down the rows of people, looking for the escaped prisoner.

  He walked up and down the street, not knowing what decision he should make.

  3. neither…nor (既不……也不)

  例:Neither you nor I should be responsible for this accident.

  This book is neither interesting nor instructive.

  4. mean to do sth.(打算做某事,想要做某事)

  例:I meant to say “sorry” to him, but he didn''t want to listen.

  He didn''t mean to hurt you.

  5. not at all(一点也不)

  例:I am not at all tired.

  He was not at all frightened by the strange noise.

  6. consist of(由……组成)

  例:Our class consists of 20 boys and 26 girls.

  The medical team consists of 3 doctors and two nurses.


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:40:12 [只看该作者]

 

Unit2(第4讲—第6讲)

  Text A   Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

  本课主要单词

  1. tax n. & v. 税(款);对…征税

  The government plans to increase taxes by 3 percent.

  (政府计划把税收增加三个百分点。)

  In Britain, tobacco and alcoholic drinks are heavily taxed.

  (在英国,烟草和酒类饮品的税收很高。)

  income tax(所得税) sales tax(销售税)

  import tax(进口税) housing and land tax(房地产税)

  VAT (value-added tax)(增值税) poll tax(人头税)

  tax-collector(税务员) tax-payer(纳税人)

  dodge tax(逃税,漏税) tax-free(免税的)

  2. type n. 类型,种类,品种

  v. 打字

  No one knows why he doesn't like this type of work.(没有人知道他为什么不喜欢这种工作。)

  The manager asked Mary to type the letter again.(经理要玛丽把信重打一遍。)

  typewriter(打字机)      typist(打字员)

  3. salary n. 工资     v. (常用被动语态)给…发薪

  salaried adj. 拿薪水的,领工资的

  She was happy to know that she would get a promotion and an increase in salary.(得知她将得到提级和加薪,她很开心。)

  Don't worry about him, he will be salaried by a big company.(别为他担心,一家大公司会给他发薪水。)

  With his knowledge and experience he was bound to get a high-salaried post.(凭借他的知识和经验,他一定能找到一份高薪的工作。)

  salary和 wage的区别在于:salary是指为从事非体力劳动的人按月支付的薪水,wage则通常指为从事体力劳动的人按周支付的薪水。

  4. earn v. 挣得;赢得,获得

  He worked 14 hours a day in order that he could earn enough to support the family.(为了能挣足够的钱养家,他每天工作十四小时。)

  His sincerity earns him friends wherever he goes.(无论走到哪,他的真诚都能赢得朋友。)

  5. percentage n. 百分比,百分率;比例,部分

  percent / per cent n. 每百中,百分之…

  The percentage of university enrollment will be greatly increased this year.(今年,大学录取的百分比将大大提高。)

  About 70 percent of high school graduates in Nanjing will be enrolled by universities this year.(今年,南京的高中毕业生将有百分之七十被高校录取。)

  6. vary vi. 变化,有不同

  vt. 改变,使不同

  Prices of fish vary from 70 cents a pound to one dollar a pound.(鱼的价格从七十美分到一美元一磅不等。)

  The weather in this area varies from hour to hour.(这儿的天气时刻有变化。)

  I didn't vary my plan at the last moment.(我在最后一刻没有改变我的计划。)

  7. graduated adj.(税)累进的;刻度的

  graduate v. & n. 毕业;毕业生

  graduation n. 毕业

  As the federal government has a graduated income tax, the more you earn, the higher tax you have to pay. 因为联邦政府实行累进所得税,所以,你挣的越多,缴的所得税就越高。

  A graduated glass will enable you to know how much water you have put into the vessel.(量杯能够使你知道你在容器里放了多少水。)

  He graduated from high school last year. But it was difficult for a high school graduate to find a satisfactory job.

  (他去年高中毕业,但是高中毕业生要找一份称心如意的工作是很困难的。)

  After graduation she went to work in a hospital as a nurse. (毕业后,她去医院做了一名护士。)

  8. sale n. 出售,卖;廉价出售

  sell v. 卖

  Mr. Smith is now interested in my car and I hope I can make the sale today.(史密斯先生现在对我的汽车感兴趣,我希望今天就能卖成。)

  He sold his bike to Tom.(他把自行车卖给了汤姆。)

  for sale(待售) on sale(上市的)

  a clearance sale(清仓拍卖) sales department(营业部)

  sales promotion(促销活动) sales manager(销售经理)

  salesperson / salesclerk(营业员)

  9. charge v. 索价;指控;使充满

  n. 价钱;指控;负责

  He charged me 10 yuan for a bowl of plain rice.(一碗白米饭,他要了我十块钱。)

  The young man was charged with stealing.(那个年轻人被指控犯了盗窃罪。)

  Charge your glasses and drink to our friendship.(斟满杯,为我们的友谊干杯。)

  The charge for a front-row seat is 250 yuan.(前排座位票价250元。)

  The police arrested him on a charge of murder.(警察以谋杀罪拘捕了他。)

  Who will be in charge of our class when the teacher is away?(老师不在的时候,谁管我们班?)

  10. figure n. 数字;人物;外形

  v. 想出;算出;估计

  He has a good head for figures.(他的数字概念很强。)

  No one had expected that his savings could reach 5 figures in such a short time.(谁也没料到在这么短的时间里,他的存款能达到五位数。)

  He was an important figure in American history.(他是美国历史上的重要人物。)

  She was always worrying about her figure as she couldn't resist the temptation of chocolates. (她抵御不了巧克力的诱惑,所以总是担心自己的体形。)

  We are trying to figure out a way to help them.(我们正在想办法帮助他们。)

  Figure out the expenses and see if we have enough money.(算一算费用,看看我们的钱是否够。)

  She brought an umbrella as she figured they might need it.(她带了一把伞,因为她估计他们会需要。)

  11. add v. 增加,增添

  addition n. 加 (in addition to除…之外)

  additional adj. 附加的,另外的

  The fire is going out, add more wood to it. (火要灭了,再加些木柴。)

  His explanation adds to my confusion.(他的解释使我更加糊涂。)

  In addition to leaves, these animals eat a great deal of fruit.(除了树叶之外,这些动物还吃大量的水果。)

  It will take an additional two days to finish the work.(还要再花两天时间才能完成这项工作。)

  12. revenue n. 收入,收益;税收

  The manager is worrying about the drop in advertising revenue.(经理正为广告收入的下降着急。)

  The loss of tax revenue in many areas is getting higher.(许多地区的税收流失越来越严重。)

  the Public Revenue(财政收入,国库收入)

  Inland Revenue(国内税收)     revenue department(税务部门)

  13. diverse adj. 不同的;多种多样的

  diversity n. 多样性;差异

  He is a man of diverse talent.(他是一个有多种才能的人。)

  They offered us diverse suggestions at the meeting.(他们在会上给我们提出了各种各样的建议。)

  His writing displays the diversities of human behavior.(他的作品展示了人类行为的多样性。)

  A great diversity of methods has been tried in doing this experiment.(实验中尝试过各种各样的方法。)

  14. confuse v. 使混乱,混淆

  confusion n. 混乱,慌乱

  What he said just now confuses all of us.(他刚才说的话把我们都弄糊涂了。)

  Her answers have only added to his confusion.(她的回答只使他更加糊涂。)

  15. property n. 财产,资产;(房)地产;特性,性质

  That car is my property, you cannot use it without my permission.(那辆车是我的财产,没我的允许,你不能动用。)

  The city is growing and property in the center is becoming more valuable.(城市在发展,市中心的房地产越来越有价值了。)

  Many plants have medicinal properties.(许多植物有药用特性。)

  state property (国家财产) personal property(动产)

  real property / estate(不动产) intellectual property(知识产权)

  16. excise n. 国产税,本国消费税

  exercise n.& v. 行使,运用;锻炼;练习

  customs n. 关税  (Customs 海关)

  17. fund n. 基金,专款;储备,贮存

  v. 提供资金,供以款项

  We would set up a fund to help those children whose parents couldn't afford to send them to school.(我们将设立一项基金,帮助那些父母供不起他们读书的孩子。)

  They have a fund of knowledge and experience to draw on.(他们有丰富的知识和经验可利用。)

  This research is funded by the government.(这项研究由政府提供资金。)

  18. department n. 部,部门;系科

  the State Department (美国)国务院  the Department of Education 教育部

  department store 百货商店     the department of physics 物理系

  19. municipal adj. 市的,市政的

  the municipal government  市政府

  municipal administration   市政管理

  a municipal university    市立大学

  20. complain v. 抱怨,埋怨,发牢骚,诉苦

  complaint n. 抱怨,诉说

  He complained to the manager about / of the poor after-service.(他对经理抱怨说售后服务太差。)

  She complained about / of her husband's carelessness.(她抱怨说她丈夫太粗心。)

  The teacher complained that the students didn't work hard enough.(老师抱怨学生学习不够努力。)

  It is a common complaint that today's children lack the sense of cooperation.(人们常常抱怨今天的孩子缺少合作意识。)

  21. impractical adj. 不切实际的,不能实行的

  practical adj. 实际的,可行的

  His suggestion sounds good, but it is really impractical.(他的建议听起来不错,但是的确不切实际。)

  How long will it be before this theory can be put into practical use? (这一理论还要多久才能被实际运用?)

  22. program n. 计划;(电视)节目;程序

  v. 使按预定步骤工作;编程

  They are drawing up a program of water purification.(他们正在制定一个净水计划。)

  Tonight's TV programs will be very interesting.(今晚的电视节目会非常有趣。)

  I know nothing about computer programs.(我对电脑编程一窍不通。)

  You can program it to do different tasks at specific times.(你可以使它在特定的时间按计划完成各项不同的任务。)

  23. view n. 看法,观点;视野,眼界;景色,风景

  v. 看待,考虑

  He was unwilling to express his views on what had happened.(他不愿意就所发生的一切发表自己的观点。)

  When we stood on the top of the mountain, the whole city came into our view.(我们站在山顶时,整个城市尽收眼底。)

  Looking out of the window, he had a fine view of the Slender West Lake.(朝窗外望去,他看到了瘦西湖的美景。)

  Several possible buyers have come to view your car.(几个想买车的人来看过你的车了。)

  If you stand in his shoes to view the problem, you will come to a totally different conclusion. (如果你站在他的立场上来考虑这个问题,你会得出完全不同的结论。)

  24. issue n. 问题,争论点;发行

  v. 出版,发行,颁布

  At today's meeting we have to spend some time discussing this issue.(在今天的会上,我们得花点时间讨论这个问题。)

  The minute he got the latest issue of the sports magazine, he read it with great interest.(一拿到最新一期的体育杂志,他就津津有味地看了起来。)

  Her first novel issued in May.(她的第一部小说于五月份出版了。)

  He issued instructions that the prisoners should be set free.(他下令释放犯人。)

  25. tend v. 护理,照管

  tend to 易于,往往会;倾向于

  She is tending a very sick patient. (她在护理一位重病人。)

  In addition to his full-time job, he tends a bar.(除了一份全日制的工作,他还照管一个酒吧。)

  When you ask her more than one question, she tends to get impatient.(你问她两个以上的问题,她往往会不耐烦。)

  He tends to be optimistic no matter what happens.(无任发生任何事情,他总倾向于乐观。)

  本课主要构词法

  Conversion (转类法──名词和动词相互转类)

  tax type salary charge

  packet figure fund protest

  program view issue tend

  本课简介

  Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes 介绍了美国三级政府(联邦政府,州政府,市政府)征收的三种税(income tax,sales tax,property tax and excise tax)。美国人对税收的一致看法是:The taxes are too high. 这篇文章对我们了解美国社会很有帮助,值得一读。

  本课主要语言点

  1. Americans often say that there are two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes.

  句中的that引导的是一个宾语从句,例如:Everybody knows that the earth goes around the sun.(众所周知,地球围绕太阳转。)

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 他知道我不会责怪他。(He knew that I wouldn't blame him.)

  2) 妈妈说他必须在六点以前回来。(Mother said that he had to be back before 6:00.)

  3) 我想天气很快会放晴。(I think that it is going to clear up soon.)

  4) 我相信他对我说了实话。(I believe that he told me the truth.)

  句中的a person can be sure of …是定语从句,修饰two things, 引导定语从句的关系代词that被省去了。例如:Have you found the book you want?(你找到你要的书了吗?)

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 他找到了他丢失的那块表。(He found the watch he had lost.)

  2) 这儿有很多我感兴趣的书。(There are many books I am interested in.)


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Unit2(第4讲—第6讲)

  be sure of的意思是“对……确信无疑”,例如:

  ─ Is he going to call us at 9:00? (他会在九点给我们打电话吗?)

  ─ Yes, I am sure of it. (是的,我肯定。)

  翻译下面的句子,掌握sure的用法:

  1) I am sure of his sincerity. (我确信他的诚意。)

  2) You are sure of a warm welcome.(你肯定会受到热烈的欢迎。)

  3) I don't know for sure whether he will come or not.(我不很确切地知道他是否会来。)

  4) Make sure that you turn off the light when you leave.(确保在你离开时把灯关掉。)

  5) Be sure not to forget what your parents said to you.(千万别忘了父母对你说的话。)

  2. Americans don't have a corner on the “death” market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.

  have a corner的意思是“垄断”,例如:have a corner on the cotton market (垄断棉花市场);have a corner on the black vote(垄断黑人选票)。有时也会见到以in 代替on的用法:have a corner in banking

  lead在句中的意思是“走在…前列”,“在……领先”,“胜过”。

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) He leads his class in English.(他在班上英语学的最好。)

  2) He led the broad jump with a leap of 26 feet.(他以26 英尺的成绩在跳远中领先。)

  3) Pollution still leads the list of major problems in that country.(污染仍然是那个国家的头号严重问题。)

  3. Taxes consist of money which people pay to support their government.

  句中which 引导的定语从句修饰the money.

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) This is the book that I just borrowed from the library.(这是我刚刚从图书馆借的书。)

  2) He put the money that his mother gave him in a safe place.(他把妈妈给他的钱放在一个安全的地方。)

  3) I don't remember where I put the CD that I bought yesterday. (我记不得把昨天买的CD放在哪儿了。)

  consist of的意思是“由……构成”,它与 make up of , compose of 的区别在于:consist of不可用被动语态,而make up of和 compose of 可以用被动语态。例如:

  1) The house consists of 6 rooms.

  2) The medical team is made up of three doctors and a nurse.

  3) The book is composed of 25 units.

  4. Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government.

  句中who引导的定语从句修饰 people.

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) The girl who helped me with my English is our monitor.(帮助我学外语的那个女孩是我们班长。)

  2) The man who knocked at the door just now is my next-door neighbor.(刚才敲门的那个人是我的隔壁邻居。)

  3) The boy who was shot to death by his classmate was only 8.(被同学开枪打死的那个男孩才八岁。)

  在单词部分我们已经对percentage和percent的区别有所了解,现在我们再来翻译几个句子:

  1) 税率从百分之十四到百分之七十不等。(The percentage of the tax varies from 14% to 70%.)

  2) 学生的及格率达到了百分之九十五。(The percentage of students who passed the exam reached 95%.)

  3) 工业产量上涨了百分之十四。(The industrial output increased by 14%.)

  5. It depends on their salaries.

  depend on在句中的意思是“视……而定”。除此以外,还可表示“依靠”:“信赖”等。

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 成功与否得看你的能力和努力。(Success depends on your ability and efforts.)

  2) Whether we can go outing depends on tomorrow's weather. (我们能否去郊游取决于明天的天气。)

  3) The old man depends on the government pension for a living.(那位老人靠政府的养老金生活。)

  4) 他总是依赖姐姐给他做作业。(He always depends on his sister to do his homework.)

  5) He is not to be depended on.(他不可信赖。)

  6. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.

  介词with在句中的意思是“由于,因为”。例如:With their support, we fulfilled our task ahead of time.(由于他们的帮助,我们提前完成了任务。)

  如果仅仅有月份,没有具体的日期,月份前用介词in ,如果有具体的日期则用介词on ,例如:1) He was born in May. 2) He was born on May 23.

  句中due的意思是“到期”,例如:The books are due, I have to return them to the library. (书到期了,我得去图书馆还书。)

  请翻译下面的句子,注意due在不同语境下的其他意思:

  1) The train is due to arrive at 8:00.(火车定于八点钟到达。)

  2) The baby is due in the middle of October.(婴儿的预产期为十月中旬。)

  3) Due attention should be paid to this work.(应该给这项工作以适当的关注。)

  4) Old people expect to be treated with the respect due to their age.(老人们期望受到他们这个年龄的人应得的尊敬。)

  5) His death was due to heart attack.(他的死是由心脏病引起的。)

  7. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.

  句中的that用来代替the加前述名词tax,以免重复。

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 南京的天气比青岛的天气热。(The weather of Nanjing is hotter than that of Qingdao.)

  2) 黄金的价格比白银的价格要高。(The price of gold is higher than that of silver.)

  8. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.

  句中前一个which 引导的是一个非限定性定语从句,修饰sales tax.非限定性定语从句通常在句中起进一步说明作用,既可修饰先行词也可修饰整个句子。如果省去,原句意义不受影响。非限定性定语从句有逗号与主句隔开;关系代词不可用that,而用who, whom, whose来修饰人,用which来修饰物,并且不能省略。

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) The sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants and animals to live.(太阳温暖了大地,这才使动植物有可能生长。)

  2) He failed the exam, which made him very disappointed.(他考试没及格,这使他非常失望。)

  3) He has a son, who is doing his PH.D in the United States.(他有一个儿子,在美国读博士学位。)

  句中后一个which引导的是一个限定性定语从句,修饰any item.但是传统语法中通常有这样的规定:当先行词是all,everything,something,nothing等不定代词,或被first,only,few,much,some,any,no以及形容词最高级等词修饰时,应该用关系代词that,不用which.例如:I am interested in all that you told me.

  9. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire department, public works and municipal buildings.

  work 用作单数时,通常指工作,例如:I have a lot of work to do this afternoon.

  用作复数时,works则指 1)著作:The Complete Works of Mao Zetong(《毛泽东全集》) 2)工程:public works(公共建筑工程,市政工程)

  10. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.

  spend too much (money) on sth的意思是“把太多的钱花在……”,例如:He would spend some money on books every month……(他每个月都花一些钱买书。)

  我们常常会碰到的另一个词组spend some time (in) doing sth.的意思是“花时间做某事”,例如:He spent a lot of time doing the experiment.(他花了很多时间做实验。)

  在英语学习中,我们还要注意pay,cost和spend在用法上的区别。请注意下面的句子:

  1) Tom paid 20 dollars for that T-shirt.

  2) The T-shirt cost Tom 20 dollars.

  3) Tom spent 20 dollars on that T-shirt.

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 我借给他的那本新字典花了我三十多块钱。(The dictionary I lent him cost me more than 30 yuan.)

  2) 把这辆自行车修一修要花很多钱吗?(Does it cost much to get this bike repaired?)

  3) 在过去的几年中,这家工厂花了很多钱改善工作条件。(In the past few years, the factory has spent a lot of money improving the working conditions.)

  4) 她不喜欢把钱花在华而不实的服装上。(She doesn't like to spend money on fancy clothes.)

  5) 买这部手机你花了多少钱?(How much money did you pay for this self-phone?)

  6) 她花了一百多块钱买那双鞋。(She paid more than a hundred for that pair of shoes.)

  本课主要词组

  1. be sure of      2. have a corner

  3. consist of      4. vary from

  5. depend on      6. a packet of

  7. in addition to  8. complain about

  9. in the wrong way  10. spend…on

  11. tend to          12. agree on

  本课主要句型

  A. 宾语从句:

  1) Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of.

  2) …but many people feel that the United States lead the world with the worst taxes.

  3) …they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.

  4) They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.

  5) They say that it spends too much on useless and practical programs.

  B. 定语从句:

  1) Taxes consist of money which people pay to support their government.

  2) Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government.

  3) Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.

  4) …people who own a home have to pay taxes on it…

  5) …and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city.

  美国五十个州

  A. The New England States (6)

  1. Maine (缅因) 2. New Hampshire*(新罕布什尔)

  3. Vermont(佛蒙特) 4. Massachusetts*(马萨诸塞)

  5. Connecticut*(康涅狄格) 6. Rhode Island*(罗得岛)

  B. The Middle Atlantic States (7)

  7. New York*(纽约) 8. Pennsylvania*(宾夕法尼亚)

  9. New Jersey*(新泽西) 10. Delaware*(特拉华)

  11. Maryland* (马里兰) 12. Virginia*(弗吉尼亚)

  13. West Virginia(西弗吉尼亚)

  C. The Southern Atlantic States (11)

  14. North Carolina* (北卡罗来纳) 15. South Carolina*(南卡罗来纳)

  16. Georgia*(佐治亚) 17. Florida(佛罗里达)

  18. Alabama(亚拉巴马) 19. Mississippi(密西西比)

  20. Tennessee (田纳西) 21. Louisiana(路易斯安那)

  22. Arkansas(阿肯色) 23. Texas(得克萨斯)

  24. Oklahoma(俄克拉何马)

  D. The Central States (13)

  25. Wisconsin (威斯康星) 26. Illinois(伊利诺斯)

  27. Kentucky(肯塔基) 28. Indiana(印第安那)

  29. Ohio(俄亥俄) 30. Michigan(密执安)

  31. Minnesota(明尼苏达) 32. Iowa(衣阿华)

  33. Missouri(密苏里) 34. North Dakota(北达科他)

  35. South Dakota(南达科他) 36. Nebraska(内布拉斯加)

  37. Kansas(堪萨斯)

  E. The Western States (13)

  38. Washington(华盛顿) 39. Oregon(俄勒冈)

  40. California(加利福尼亚) 41. Montana(蒙大拿)

  42. Idaho(爱达荷) 43. Nevada(内华达)

  44. Utah(犹他) 45. Arizona(亚历桑那)

  46. Wyoming(怀俄明) 47. Colorado(科罗拉多)

  48. New Mexico(新墨西哥) 49. Alaska(阿拉斯加)

  50. Hawaii(夏威夷)

  (注:有*者曾为英国在北美的十三个殖民地,也是美国最早的十三个州。)

  


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:41:42 [只看该作者]

Text B   Advertising

  短语表达

  1. attract attention 吸引注意

  He talked loudly to attract attention.(他大声说话以吸引注意。)

  2. for the most part 在很大程度上,多半

  These cars, for the most part, are made in China.(这些汽车多半产于中国。)

  3. persuade sb. to do sth. 劝某人做某事

  be persuaded to do sth. 被劝说做某事

  The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking.(医生劝我父亲戒烟。)

  The young man was persuaded to take up that job.(那个年轻人被劝说接受那份工作。)

  4. a large amount of 一大笔

  He borrowed a large amount of money from the bank.(他向银行借了一大笔钱。)

  5. put out 发布,公布;出版;广播

  The article was put out in a national magazine to reach a larger audience.(为了能影响更多的读者,文章被登发在一份国家级杂志上。)

  This newspaper is put out every day.(这份报纸每天出版。)

  The weather forecast has just put out a storm.(天气预报刚刚发出了暴风警报。)

  6. be characteristic of 为…所特有,是…的特征

  Rainy days are characteristic of March.(多雨的日子为三月所特有。)

  7. catch the eye 引人注目

  The beautiful blue dress in the window caught her eye when she passed the store.(她经过那家商店时,橱窗里漂亮的兰色连衣裙吸引了她。)

  8. identify with 与一致;认为…等同于;跟…发生共鸣,同情;(无意识地)仿效

  His idea identifies with mine.(他的观点和我的观点相同。)

  Never identify personal opinions with facts.(切莫把个人观点与事实等同起来。)

  All the money came from those who identified with him.(所有的钱都来自于那些同情他的人。)

  Children usually identify themselves with their parents.(孩子往往会仿效自己的父母。)

  9. carry over 继续下去,遗留下来

  The report was carried over to the next page.(报告转入下一页。)

  His habit carries over from his childhood. (他的习惯从小保留至今。)

  10. as well as 和,也

  Women, as well as men, have the right to work.(妇女和男人一样有工作的权利。)

  11. over and over again 反复

  He mentioned the incident over and over again, which really bored me to death.(他反复提及那件事,真把我烦死了。)

  12. put up with 忍受

  Both water pollution and air pollution are becoming more and more serious but we have to put up with them at the moment.(水污染和空气污染都在变得越来越严重,但是我们暂时只好忍着。)

  13. be responsible for 为…负责

  It is not yet clear who should be responsible for the accident.(谁该对这起事故负责现在还不清楚。)

  14. decide on 决定,选定

  They decided on their plan of action after hours of discussion.(经过数小时的讨论,他们决定了行动计划。)

  15. be involved in 参与,介入

  He quitted his job as he no longer wanted to be involved in politics.(他不想再介入政治便辞去了工作。)


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:43:12 [只看该作者]

 

Unit3(第7讲—第10讲)

  Text A  The Altoantic Ocean

  本课主要单词

  1. unwilling    adj.不情愿的,不愿意的;勉强的

  Selfish as she is, she is unwilling to share anything with others. (她很自私,不愿意与他人分享任何东西。)

  He was unwilling to give up halfway even though there might be more difficulties ahead.(尽管前面可能有许多困难,但他不愿意中途放弃。)

  They got some unwilling assistance from the local government. (地方政府勉强给了他们一些协助。)

  2. equator   n.赤道

  Ecuador is near the equator.(厄瓜多尔靠近赤道。)

  People used to believe that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.

  (人们过去认为,在赤道处海水是滚烫的。)

  3. bulge   n.不规则突起;鼓起之处;(突然)上涨,增多        v.使膨胀;塞满

  Between the bulge of South America and the bulge of Africa lies the narrowest place of the Atlantic Ocean. (大西洋的最狭窄处位于南美洲的突起处和非洲的突起处之间。)

  The graph shows a bulge in the birth rate in the year of dragon. (图表显示龙年出生率的暴增。)

  His schoolbag was bulging with apples when he came back from his uncle's orchard.(他从叔叔的果园回来时书包里鼓鼓囊囊装满了苹果。)

  4. unusual    adj. 少有的;不寻常的;与众不同的,独特的

  It was not unusual for him to work very late every night. (每天工作到深夜对他来说是很平常的事。)

  He has an unusual name.(他有一个不寻常的名字。)

  It is unusual to see snow in this region.(这个地区难得下雪。)

  This young man has an unusual talent for organization.(这个年轻人有非凡的组织才能)。

  5. salty    adj. 咸的,含盐的     salt n. 盐;风趣    v. 用盐调味;用盐腌;撒盐于道路上

  He didn't have much for dinner as the dishes were too salty. (他晚餐吃的不多,因为菜太咸了。)

  It might be a good idea to wash these in salty water. (把这些放在盐水里洗一洗也许是个好主意。)

  He added a bit more salt to the soup to make it tastier. (为了使汤的味道更好,他又加了一点盐。)

  His wit added salt to the discussion. (他的妙语使讨论增添了风趣。)

  Have you salted the potato?(你往土豆里加了盐了吗?)

  It took them a long time to salt the main roads. (他们花了好长时间才在主要公路上撒上盐。)

  grind salt in sb.'s wounds 在某人伤口上撒盐,使某人痛上加痛

  with a grain of salt 半信半疑地

  Salt Lake City 盐湖城(美国尤他州州府)

  salt mine 盐矿      salt shaker (瓶盖上有细孔用于匀撒的)盐瓶

  salt spreader 撒盐车   a saltwater lake 咸水湖

  saltwater fish 海产    a salted egg 咸蛋

  请注意:形容词salty是由名词 salt加形容词后缀 -y构成的。这样的形容词在英语中还有很多,如:windy,snowy,rainy,cloudy,sunny,funny,muddy,foggy…

  6. average   n. 平均数,平均   adj. 平均的;平常的,普通的   v. 平均

  The average of 5,7 and 9 is 7. (5,7,9的平均数是7.)

  He receives an average of 50 calls a day.(他平均每天接到50个电话。)

  Mr. Brown could hardly believe that his son's work at school is below the average.(布朗先生几乎无法相信他儿子的学习成绩低于一般水平。)

  The average temperature yesterday was below zero.(昨天的平均气温在零度以下。)

  He is an average student in his class.(他是班上的一般学生。)

  A man of average height came to see you today.(今天有一位中等身材的人来看你。)

  He averages one pack of cigarettes a day.(他平均每天抽一包香烟。)

  The annual rainfall here averages 700mm.(这里的年降雨量平均为700毫米。)

  7. spot   n.地点,处所;点,斑点  v. 点缀;认出;准确定位  adj. 当场作出的;现付的

  She toured many scenic spots during the holiday.(假日里她游览了许多风景胜地。)

  She told us the exact spot where the accident happened. (她把事故发生的准确地点告诉了我们。)

  She decided on a blue tie with white spot for her husband. (她给丈夫选了一条蓝底白点的领带。)

  There is a spot of ink on the white wall.(白墙上有墨水渍。)

  He didn't want to leave a spot on his reputation.(他不想在名誉上留下污点。)

  The night sky is spotted with twinkling stars.(闪烁的星星点缀着夜空。)

  His shoes are spotted with mud.(他的鞋子上有泥渍。)

  She is so special, you can spot her in the crowd easily. (她很特别,你在人群中能一眼认出她来。)

  He was sent to spot the battery position of the enemy.(他被派去测定敌炮阵地。)

  She was urged to make a spot decision.(她被催促当场做决定。)

  on the spot 当场,在现场   in a spot 在困境中,在窘境中

  put sb. on the spot 使某人处于难堪地位

  put one's finger on sb.'s weak spot 指出某人性格上的弱点

  spot check 抽样检查   spot survey 抽样调查

  spotlight 聚光灯;汽车上的反光灯;公众注意中心

  spot news 现场报道的新闻   spot price 现货价

  8. range   n. 山脉;幅度,范围       v.(在某范围内)变动,变化;把…排列成行

  One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises from the floor of the Atlantic.(世界最长的山脉从大西洋洋底耸起。)

  The age range is from 45 to 65.(年龄幅度在45岁至65岁之间。)

  He is not very clear about his range of responsibility.(他对自己的责任范围并不清楚。)

  The question you asked is out of my range.(你问的问题我不懂。)

  Prices of gasoline range from one dollar to one dollar and twenty a gallon.(汽油的价格从1美元至1美元20美分1加仑不等。)

  The tiger-sharks range in length from nine feet to fourteen feet. (虎鲸的体长从9英尺到14英尺不等。)

  The puddings are neatly ranged on the shelf.(布丁整齐地排列在架子上。)

  medium-range missile 中程导弹   wide range of interests 兴趣广泛

  at close range 接近地   in/within range 在射程内

  9. peak   n. 山峰;顶点

  The mountain peak is covered with snow all the year.(山峰终年积雪。)

  His career is at its peak now, no wonder he will make greater achievement.(他的事业正处于鼎盛时期,毫无疑问,他会取得更大的成就。)

  10. vessel   n. 船,舰;容器,器皿

  an ocean-going vessel 远洋轮  an escort vessel 护卫舰

  a fishing vessel 渔船      a drinking vessel 饮具

  11. crew   n. 全体船员,全体机务人员

  The crew was (were) annoyed at the captain's decision.(船员们对船长的决定感到恼火。)

  The aircraft has a crew of 6.(这架飞机有6名机组人员。)

  All 312 passengers and 6 crew members died in the plane crash.(312名乘客和6名机组人员在飞机失事中丧生。)

  12. becalm   v.(常用被动语态)(指帆船)因无风而停止前进

  In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed on the ocean.(在使用帆船的时代,船员们担心他们会因为无风而无法在海洋上航行。)

  He was becalmed for a whole week north of the island. (他在海岛北面因无风而停泊了整整一周。)

  13. gulf   n. 海湾;隔阂;鸿沟

  Can you tell me for sure who was the real winner of the Gulf War?(你能确定地告诉我谁是海湾战争的真正赢家吗?)

  The quarrel left a gulf between the two close friends. (那场争吵在两位好友间造成了隔阂。)

  the Persian Gulf 波斯湾   the Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥湾

  Gulf Stream 湾流,墨西哥湾流

  14. stream   n. 小河,溪流    v. 流,涌

  They had a walk along the bank of the stream.(他们沿着河岸散步。)

  Lots of tree leaves are floating along with the stream.(许多树叶正随着水流漂浮。)

  Tourists came into the cave in a steady stream.(游客们源源不断地进入山洞。)

  Tears streamed down her cheeks when she heard the news.(当她听到那个消息时,泪水顺着脸颊流了下来。)

  He didn't even frown when blood streamed from his wound. (血从伤口涌出时,他连眉头都没皱一下。)

  a stream of cold air 一股冷空气   a stream of people 一股人流

  a stream of lies 一串谎言      a stream of good ideas 一系列好主意

  a stream of light 一道光线     stream of consciousness 意识流

  go against the stream 逆潮流而动   go with the stream 随波逐流

  stream-lined cars 流线型汽车

  15. current   n. (空气,水等的)流,潮流;电流;倾向   adj. 当前的,通行的

  The child had been swept away by the current.(孩子被水流卷走了。)

  A steady current of heated air rose from the mountain top. (一股热气从山顶源源不断升起。)

  There was a powerful electric current running through the wires. (一股强大的电流流过电线。)

  Mass media influence the current of public opinion.(大众传媒影响舆论的倾向。)

  Give me a current issue of Reader's Digest.(给我一本最近一期的读者文摘。)

  A long time ago, it was a current belief that the earth was flat. (很久以前,人们普遍相信地球是扁平。)

  the main current 主流      a warm current 暖流

  an alternating current 交流电   a direct current 直流电

  current events 时事       current situation 当前形势

  16. affect   v. 影响;打动;(疾病)侵袭    effect    n. 效果;作用,影响;

  His mood was greatly affected by the sad news.  (那个悲痛的消息使他的心绪大受影响。)

  Computers affect our life in many ways.(计算机在许多方面影响我们的生活。)

  Reading in dim light constantly will surely affect the eyes.(经常在昏暗的光线下看书肯定会对眼睛有影响。)

  The child was affected with high fever.(孩子发高烧了。)

  The color gives the effect of being warm.(这颜色给人以暖感。)

  The wonderful sky effect on the festival night impressed everybody.

  (绚丽的节日夜空给每一个人都留下了深刻印象。)

  I just hope this medicine won't have serious side-effect. (我只希望这种药没有严重的副作用。)

  sound effect 音响效果   three-dimensional effect 立体感

  lighting effect 灯光效果   cause and effect 因果

  no effects 无存款(银行在空头支票上的批语)

  be of no effect无效     bring sth. to effect 实行,实施

  in effect实际上       take effect 见效;生效

  17. climate    n. 气候

  The change in climate might be one of the causes for the extinction of dinosaurs.

  (气候的变化也许是恐龙灭绝的一个原因。)

  In cold climates, some of the livestock have to be kept indoors all winter.

  (在寒冷的气候区,一些牲畜得在室内一冬。)

  In the present economic climate we can make greater achievement.

  (在目前的经济气候下,我们能够取得更大的成就。)

  weather   n. 天气

  The football match had to be put off because of bad weather. (由于天气不好,足球比赛被推迟了。)

  What's the weather like in Hangzhou? I hope it is not as hot there.(杭州的天气怎么样?希望那儿不那么热。)

  18. flow    n. 流     v. 流动

  Heavy rains brought mud flows down the mountain. (暴雨把泥流冲下了山。)

  The doctor stopped the flow of blood. (医生把血止住了。)

  The river flows east into the sea. (这条河向东流入大海。)

  19. furnish   v. 供应,提供;装备,(用家具)布置

  The school has decided to furnish the library with some new books. (学校决定给图书馆提供一些新书。)

  They furnished all the passengers with life jackets. (他们为所有的乘客提供救生衣。)

  She wants to furnish her new house with modern furniture.(她想用时新家具布置新家。)

  20. highway   n. 公路;  (水陆)交通干线

  The canal was the only highway for commerce.(这条远河是唯一的商业路线。)

  You can find many motels along the highways.(在高速公路沿线你会看到许多汽车旅馆。)

  21. float   v.(使)漂浮

  Colorful flags are floating in the morning breeze.(彩旗在晨风中飘荡。)

  When winter comes yellow leaves float down.(冬天到来时,黄叶飘落。)

  It will be much easier for you to float the logs down the river.(你们把木材顺流下漂将会容易得多。)

 


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:43:22 [只看该作者]

 本课主要构词法

  Affixation  (词缀法)

  1. 反意词前缀un-     unusual,unwilling

  2. 形容词后缀-y       salty

  3. 名词后缀-or        sailor

  Compounding   (合词法)

  1. 复合名词         highway,steamship,airplane

  2. 复合形容词       mid-Atlantic,eastward

  本课简介

  The Atlantic Ocean向读者介绍了有关大西洋的情况。我们可以了解航行大西洋的过去和现在,也可以了解大西洋“制造”出来的世界之最。

  本课主要语言点

  1. The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.

  在表示河流,海洋,群岛,沙漠等地理名称的名词前,以及以复数形式出现的国名前要用定冠词,例如:the Yellow River(黄河),the Pacific Ocean(太平洋),the British Isles   (不列颠群岛),the Sahara(撒哈拉沙漠),the Alps(阿尔卑斯山脉),  the Philippines (菲列宾)

  在表示某一座山,岛屿或某一个湖时不用定冠词,例如:Yellow Mountain(黄山),Lake Erie(伊利湖),Hainan Island(海南岛)

  one of +复数名词是英语中常见的用法,请翻译下面的句子:

  She is one of the most hardworking students in our class. (她是我们班学习最刻苦的学生之一。)

  Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in the world.(上海是世界最大的城市之一。)

  印度是世界上人口最多的国家之一。 (India is one of the countries with the largest population in the world.)

  尼罗河是世界上最长的河流之一。(Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world.)

  在one of +复数名词+定语从句的结构中,定语从句一般被看作修饰复数名词,因此该从句中的谓语要用复数形式。例如:

  This is one of the best novels that have been published this year. (这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。)

  Mr. Smith is one of those men who always think they are right.(史密斯先生属于那些总是认为自己正确的人。)

  He is not one of those who bow before difficulties.(他不是那种在困难面前低头的人。)

  但是在the only one of +复数名词+定语从句的结构中,定语从句应该被看成修饰单数名词。例如:

  He was the only one of the boys who was praised by the teacher. (他是男孩中唯一受到老师表扬的。)

  Helen is the only one of those girls who doesn't wear make-up. (海伦是那些女孩中唯一不化妆的。)

  separate from是常用词组,在句子中的意思是“(使)分离,(使)分开”,请翻译下面的句子:

  1)英吉利海峡把英法两国隔开。(The English Channel separates England from France.)

  2)理论不应该脱离实际。(Theory should not be separated from practice.)

  the Old world指欧,亚,非三洲,有时仅指欧洲。the New (World) 指哥伦布发现的美洲大陆。

  2. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.

  for centuries 意为“许多世纪”。在英语中用介词for加表示时间的复数名词的表达形式很常见。请翻译下面的句子:

  1)I haven't seen you for days. How is everything?(多日不见,一切都好吗?)

  2)I haven't seen him for years, I am sure he has changed a lot. (我多年没见到他了,他一定变了不少。)

  3)It seems I have been waiting for you for centuries. Where have you been?(我似乎等了你几个世纪了,你去哪儿了?)

  keep… from doing 是习惯用法,意思是“使…不…”。

  例如:It is really not easy to keep Father from smoking.(要使父亲不抽烟真不容易。)

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1)Heavy fog kept the ships from being discovered by the enemy. (大雾使得船只未被敌人发现。)

  2)We had no way to keep him from getting involved in the matter. (我们没有办法使他不卷入那事件中去。)

  3)那种药使他的咳嗽不再加剧。 (The medicine keeps his cough from getting more serious.)

  4)当地人的保守思想使得那个地方不能快速发展。

  (The local people's conservative mind keeps that place from developing rapidly.)

  3. Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.

  make sb. unwilling to do sth. 意为“使得某人不愿做某事”。例如:His indifference to work made everybody unwilling to cooperate with him.(他对工作的冷漠态度使得所有的人都不愿与他合作。)

  主语+动词+宾语+补语(SVOC)的句型在课本第二单元的语法中已有较详细的论述。请翻译下面的句子:

  1)His behavior at the dinner party made the host annoyed. (他在晚宴上的行为使主人很恼火。)

  2)That film made him famous.(那部影片使他出了名。)

  3)他刚才的一番话使玛丽很伤心。(What he said just now made Mary very sad.)

  4)老师对他作文的评价令他失望。 (The teacher's comment on his composition made him disappointed.)

  5)What he had done made his friends hesitant to accept the invitation.(他的所为使得他的朋友们对接受邀请犹豫不决。)

  6)他的挥霍浪费使得他的父母不愿意再给他钱。(His unthriftiness made his parents unwilling to give him any more money.)


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:43:49 [只看该作者]

 

Unit3(第7讲—第10讲)

  4. One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world”。

  Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.

  这两个都是表语从句和主句中的系动词连用的句子。结构为:主语+系动词+表语从句。请看下面的例句:My idea is that we contact him as soon as possible.(我的想法是我们应该尽快跟他联系。)

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) My suggestion is that we should put off the meeting.(我的建议是我们应该把会议延期。)

  2) One advantage of solar energy is that it will never be used up. (太阳能的一个优点是用之不竭。)

  3) 问题是你不在时谁照管孩子。 (The problem is who will take care of the children while you are away.)

  4) 看起来天要下雨。(It looks that it is going to rain.)

  请注意辨析another 和other:

  another由 an+other构成,只和单数可数名词连用。other可用于所有名词前。another+单数名词表示不定的“另一个”,the other+单数可数名词表示特指的“另一个”。

  请看下面的例句:

  1) This idea is not very practical, will you think of another one? (这个主意不太实际,你能另想一个吗?)

  2) This book is too difficult. Show me another one.(这本书太难了,给我看另外一本。)

  3) Of the three books in my bag, two are published in China, the other is published in the United States.(我包里的三本书中,两本是中国出版的,另一本是美国出版的。)

  4) Tom is here, but where are the other boys?(汤姆在这儿,其他的男孩在哪儿呢?)

  5) I like this coat better than the other one.(两件上衣中,我更喜欢这一件。)

  6) This camera is more expensive than the other one.(这架照相机比另一架贵。)

  boiling hot意思是“滚热的,酷热的”。此处的boiling不是形容词而是副词,表示热的程度,修饰hot.

  5. Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth.

  此句中,that引导的名词性从句作形容词的补足语。例如:

  1) I am afraid that I can not finish the article in two hours. (我担心我两小时内写不完这篇文章。)

  2) He was afraid that he couldn't give you a definite answer. (他担心他不能给你一个明确的答复。)

  3) I am afraid that I have made a mistake.(我担心自己犯了一个错误。)

  4) We are confident that we can overcome all the difficulties. (我们相信自己能克服所有的困难。)

  对“be + 形容词 + that引起的从句”这类结构,语法家们有的认为that从句做宾语用,有的认为that从句做状语用。根据句子的逻辑意义来判断也许比较方便一些。如:I'm sorry that you failed the exam again. 这个句子中的that从句起状语作用,相当于“…because you failed the exam again.”

  6. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific,…

  在第一单元中我们讨论过副词的同等比较。本句中as big as 则是形容词的同等比较。在这类句子中,可以有表示程度的状语。例如:

  1) This book is not half as interesting as that one.(这本书还不如那本书一半有趣。)

  2) My monthly income is only half as much as his.(我的月收入只有他的一半多。)

  3) This year our university will enroll three times as many students as it did the year before last.(我们学校今年的招生人数将是前年的三倍。)

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 我的英语口语还不及你的一半流利。(My spoken English is not half as fluent as yours.)

  2) 这只手提箱还没有那只手提箱一半重。(This suitcase is not half as heavy as that one.)

  3) 这个房间是那个房间的两倍。(This room is twice as large as that one.)

  7. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.

  suppose 常常做动词用,意思是“假定;猜想;认为”。例如:

  1) Let's suppose it to be true.(让我们假定这是真的。)

  2) I suppose he is very nervous.(我猜想他很紧张。)

  3) I supposed him to be an honest man, but he often tells lies. (我以为他很诚实,他却经常说谎。)

  在本句中suppose(也可以用supposing)是一个连词,意思是“假设(= if);假使…结果会怎么样”。例如:

  1) Suppose he is ill, what shall we do?(假如他病了,我们怎么办?)

  2) Suppose a tiger should come out of the cage? (如果一只老虎从笼子中跑出来怎么办?)

  3) Suppose something should go wrong?(如果出了什么问题会怎么样?)

  8. It would take the ocean about 4000 years to dry up.

  it takes (sb.) some time to do sth. 是很常用的一个句型。例如:

  1) 我骑自行车到学校要花半小时。(It takes me half an hour to get to school by bike.)

  2) 他花了两个星期时间才看完那本书。(It took him two weeks to finish reading that book.)

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) It took the boy three hours to finish his homework.(那个男孩花了3小时才写完作业。)

  2) It takes less than 4 hours to get to Shanghai by train from Nanjing.(从南京乘火车到上海只要不到4小时。)

  3) 他花了4天时间才走出密林。(It took him 4 days to go out of the forest.)

  4) 照顾一个生病的老人要花许多时间。(It will take a great deal of time to look after a sick old man.

  9. On the average the water is a little more than two miles deep, but in places it is much deeper.

  on the average在句子中的意思是“平均而言”。例如:

  1) On the average, they drove 70 miles an hour.(他们平均每小时行驶70英里。)

  2) On the average, they spend 20 yuan on food every day.(他们平均每天花20块钱吃饭。)

  a little 在句子中修饰more,表示程度,意思是“一点儿,稍许”。much在句子中修饰deeper,也表示程度,加强形容词比较级,意思是“…多”。例如:

  1) I feel a little cold.(我觉得有点冷。)

  2) He spent a little more than 20 yuan yesterday.(昨天他花了20块多一点儿。)

  3) I feel much better now.(我现在感觉好多了。)

  4) She is much more careful this time.(她这一次细心多了。)

  请翻译下面的句子:

  1) 干了一天的工作,我觉得有点累。(I feel a little tired after a day's work.)

  2) 她对她的同学有点不友好。(She is a little unfriendly to her classmates.)

  3) 听了那个消息他开心多了。(He was much happier after hearing that news.)

  10. This “deep” measures 30,246 feet——almost 6 miles (9.6km)。

  本句中的deep做名词用,意思是“深处”,“海渊”(水深超过3000英里)。

  measure 在句子中做动词用,意思是“测量”,“有…深”。例如:

  1) This room measures 10 metres across.(这个房间宽10米。)

  2) The bridge measures 17 kilometres long.(这座桥长17公里。)

  3) The water tank only measures 2 metres deep.(这只水箱只有2米深。)

  11. One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises from the floor of the Atlantic.

  本句中的 longest与课文前几段中出现的narrowest,saltiest,deepest一样,都是形容词的最高级形式。因为这几个词是单音节词或是以元音结尾的双音节词,所以,最高级的构成是在词尾加-est.对于大部分两个音节以上的形容词,最高级的构成是在形容词前面加most.请看例句:

  1) He wants to make everybody believe that he is the happiest person in the world.(他想使每一个人相信他是世界上最幸福的人。)

  2) This is the strongest horse I have ever seen.(这是我所见过的最强壮的马。)

  3) The boss wanted to find the most careful employees.(老板想找最细心的雇工。)

  4) 黄山是我所知道的最美的山之一。(Yellow Mountain is one of the most beautiful mountains I have ever known.)

  5) 这条高速公路是中国最长的。(This express way is one of the longest in China. )

  6) 这本书是三本书中最有意思的。(This book is the most interesting of the three.)

  rise 是一个不及物动词,在句子中的意思是“升起;隆起”。例如:

  1) The sun rises in the east.(太阳在东方升起。)

  2) Give the child some medicine, his temperature is rising.  (给孩子服药,他的体温在升高。)

  3) The mountain peak rises above the clouds.(山峰高耸入云。)

  请注意区别以下动词:

  1) rise 不及物动词 (起立;上升,高耸;浮现)

  The old lady rose to her feet when she heard the doorbell.

  The tower rises to a height of 70 feet.

  An idea rises in my mind.

  2) raise 及物动词 (举起;养育;提高;召集)

  If you have any questions, please raise your hands.

  When Father was in the army, Mother had a hard time raising three children.

  The management promised to raise the workers'salary after the negotiation.

  He failed to raise the money for his father's heart operation.

  3) arise 不及物动词 (升起;出现;由…引起)

  Heavy smoke arose beyond the mountain.

  New problems arise when old ones are solved.

  His illness arose from malnutrition.

  4) arouse 及物动词 (唤醒;激起,引起)

  The noise outside aroused him from sleep.

  The music aroused a feeling of homesickness in him.

  floor在句子中的意思是“海底”。在其他语言环境中,floor当然有其他的意思。如;

  1) He lives on the seventh floor.(他住在7楼。)

  2) The wood floor gives a feeling of warmth in the winter. (冬天时,木地板给我温暖的感觉。)

  3) He was given the floor at the meeting.(他在会上得到了发言权。)

  4)He decided to floor the kitchen with plastic tiles.(他决定用塑料砖铺厨房地面。)

  12. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make island

  top 在句中做名词用,意思是“顶部,山顶”。例如:

  1) He was the first to climb to the top of the hill.(他第一个爬上山顶。)

  2) When we stand on the top of the mountain, the whole city is in sight.(我们站在山顶时,整个城市尽收眼底)

  请翻译下面的句子,注意top的词类和意思:

  1) He shouted at the top of his voice.(他放声高叫。)-n.

  2) He is running at the top of his speed.(他正以最快的速度奔跑。)-n.

  3) He is the top student in the class.(他是班上的尖子学生。)-adj.

  4) This is the top news of the week.(这是本周的头条新闻。)-adj.

  5) His father is a top diplomatic advisor.(他父亲是高级外交顾问。)-adj.

  6) Mother is going to top the cake with cream.(妈妈准备在蛋糕上浇奶油。)-v.

  7) He tops his father by half a head.(他比父亲高出半个头。)-v.

  8) She needs a new skirt to match her top.(她需要一条新裙子配她的上衣。)-n.

  与top有关的词组:

  come out top(名列前茅)   come out on top(出人头地)      from top to bottom(从上到下,彻底地)   from top to toe(从头到脚;完全)    on top of the world(非常幸福;心满意足)

  13. Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea.

  called the Sargasso Sea 是修饰ocean的定语从句,在其前省去了which is.

  请看下面的例句:

  1) Opportunities are often thing (that) you have not noticed the first time around.

  (机会常常是第一次出现时没有被人们注意到的东西。)

  2) There is much (that) the little boy can do.(有许多是那小男孩能做。)

  3)He is the right person (that) I want to discuss the problem with.(他正是我想与其讨论这个问题的人。)

  14. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.

  days常常指“时期,时代”,有时也表示“一生;生命”。请看例句:

  1) In his boyhood days, he often went swimming and fishing with his friends.(在他的童年时代,他常常和伙伴们一起游泳,钓鱼。)

  2) In the days of Queen Victoria, the British colony expanded rapidly.(在维多利亚女王时代,英国殖民地迅速扩张。)

  3) He has experienced a lot of hardships in his days.(他一生中吃了许多苦。)

  crew是一个集合名词,指“全体船员”,后面的谓语动词可以用单数也可以用复数,此句中谓语动词用的是复数were,因为从句子中可以推断出是许多vessels(船)上的船员。Sometimes they were.句子中省略becalmed.

  15. The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores.

  furnish sth. to sb. 意思是“为…提供”,我们同样可以用furnish sb. with sth.来表达这个意思。例如:

  They furnished blankets and food to the refugees.(他们为难民供应毯子和食物。)

  No one expected that he would furnish the information to the opponent.(谁也没有料到他会把消息提供给对手。)

  Luckily, they have furnished us with a car and all the necessary maps.(幸运的是他们为我们提供了一辆汽车和所有必要的地图。)

  16. One of its famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near Newfoundland.

  the Grand Banks在句子中做同位语。请看下面的例句:

  1) This theory was advanced by Einstein, a famous scientist.  (这个理论是由著名科学家爱因斯坦提出的。)

  2) This is Mr. Benjamin, dean of our department.(这是我们系主任本杰明先生。)

  3) Qinghai Lake, the largest inland body of salt water in China, lies 3,198 metres above sea-level.(中国最大的内陆咸水湖青海湖海拔3,198米。)

  


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:44:10 [只看该作者]

本课主要词组及句型

  词组:

  1. separate from               2. keep sb. from doing sth.

  3. be unwilling to do sth.           4. between A and B

  5. make sth unusual             6. so…that

  7. dry up                  8. on the average

  9. rise from                10. furnish sth for sb.

  11. pile up                 12. from…to

  句型:

  A.定语从句:

  1) The Atlantic is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.

  2) Ocean currents affect the climates of the land near which they flow.

  B.表语从句:

  1) One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world”。

  2) Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.

  C.结果状语从句:

  1) There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is.

  2) We now have such fast ways of travelling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.

  D.形容词的比较级和最高级:

  1) The Atlantic is only half as big as the Pacific, but still it is very large.

  2) It is more than 4,000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it.

  3) Even at its narrowest it is about 2,000 miles wide.

  4) Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.

  5) The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico.

  E.be one of+复数名词

  The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.

  F.it takes sb. some time to do sth.

  It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up.

  地理名称

  1.(七)大洲和(四)大洋

  Asia (亚洲)      Europe(欧洲)        Africa(非洲)             North America(北美洲)

  South America(南美洲)      Oceania       (大洋洲)                 the Antarctic(南极洲)

  The Atlantic(大西洋)   the Pacific(太平洋)    the Indian(印度洋)     the Arctic(北冰洋)

  2.常用词

  continent (大陆)  continental shelf(大陆架)   subcontinent(次大陆)    iceberg(冰山)

  mountain range(山脉)      volcano(火山)       delta (三角洲)         waterfall(瀑布)

  gulf(海湾)               straits; channel(海峡)     coast line (海岸线)          beach(海滩)

  3. 大西洋之最

  1) The Atlantic is the second largest ocean in the world

  2) The Atlantic is the saltiest ocean in the world

  3) Puerto Rico Trench is the deepest in the Atlantic Ocean.

  4) Gulf Stream is the strongest warm water current in the Atlantic Ocean.

  5) The Grand Banks near Newfoundland is the most prosperous fishing region in the world.

  6) The drainage area of the Atlantic is four times that of the Pacific or the Indian.

  2. 主要属海和岛屿

  the Mississippi 密西西比河  the Hudson 哈得逊河            the Amazon 亚马逊河

  the Congo 刚果河            Baffin Bay 巴芬湾              the Nigeria 尼日利亚河

  the Rhine 莱茵河            the Caribbean Sea 加勒比海     the Mexican Gulf 墨西哥湾

  the Hudson Bay 哈得逊湾     the Mediterranean Sea 地中海   the Black Sea 黑海

  the North Sea 北海          the Baltic Sea 波罗的克海      Iceland 冰岛

  Greenland 格陵兰岛          Faeroe Islands 法罗群岛        Shetland Islands 设得兰岛

  Bermudas 百慕大群岛         Azores 亚速尔群岛              Grenada 格陵纳达岛

  Antilles 安的列斯群岛       Trinidad Islands 特里尼达群岛  Malvinas Islands 马尔维纳斯群岛

  Bahamas 巴哈马群岛

  Text B   The Moon

  短语表达

  1. tie to(与…联系在一起;使束缚于…)

  He is seriously ill and has been tied to his bed for almost a month.  (他病得厉害,已经卧床近一个月了。)

  Study ties smoking to many diseases.(据研究,许多疾病与抽烟有关。)

  I am sorry I didn't have the time to go shopping with you. I was tied to housework.(很抱歉我没能有时间和你一起去购物,家务杂事把我拴住了。)

  2. except for(除了…之外)

  The room is empty except for some chairs.(房间里除了一些椅子空荡荡。)

  Your composition is well written except for some spelling mistakes.(除了几处拼写错误,你的文章写的不错)

  3. be near to(靠近)

  The park is near to our school. Let's go boating.(公园离我们学校很近,我们去划船吧。)

  The police station is near to our community. It is within walking distance.

  (警察局离我们社区很近,步行就能到达。)

  4. face towards(朝向)

  My office is in the building that faces towards the street.(我的办公室在那座朝街的楼里。)

  His new house faces towards the south.(他的新房子朝南。)

  5. keep…in mind(把…记在心里)

  I am not sure if he would keep what you have said in mind. (我不能肯定他是否会把你说的话记在心里。)

  I will keep this in mind for future reference.(我会记住这个,供以后参考。)

  6. light up(变亮;使容光焕发)

  Her face lighted up when she heard the news.(听到那个消息,她面露喜色。)

  His face was lighted (lit) up with excitement.(他因兴奋而满面春风。)

  7. reflect(反射)

  Mirrors reflect light.(镜子反射光。)

  The white sand reflected the sun's heat(白沙地反射太阳的热气。)。

  The light reflected from the water into my eyes.(光线投过水面反射到我眼里。)

  8. …enough for sb. to do sth.(足以让某人做某事)

  The room is big enough for us to have a dancing party. (这间房够大了,我们可以在里面开舞会。)

  The basket is light enough for the little boy to carry.(这只篮子很轻,那个小男孩能提动。)

  9. speak of(提到,说起)

  I have never heard him speak of his past.(我从来没有听他提起他的过去。)

  She always looks proud when she speaks of her son. (说到她的儿子她总是很自豪的样子。)

  10. otherwise(不然;另外的)

  He reminded me of what I might otherwise have forgotten.  (他提醒了我,不然我可能会忘记那件事。)

  He is a little careless, but he is otherwise quite suitable for the job.(他有点粗心,除此以外,他倒是很适合这个工作的。)

  He is honest, but his twin brother is otherwise.(他很诚实,而他的孪生兄弟则不然。)

  11. nothing but(仅仅,除了…之外没有什么)

  There is nothing but a piece of bread in the cupboard.(食橱里除了一片面包什么也没有。)

  He asked for nothing but trust.(除了信任,他什么要求都没有。)


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:44:33 [只看该作者]

 

Unit4(第11讲—第13讲)

  Text A   Inproving Your Memory

  本课主要语言点

  1. psychological   adj. 心理学的

  Psychological factors often play an important part in winning a competition.

  (在赢得一场比赛中,心理因素常常起着重要作用。)

  Make sure all the kids are psychologically healthy.(确保孩子们心理健康。)

图片点击可在新窗口打开查看

  (the person who studies human mind-心理学家)

  在希腊语中,psycho表示“灵魂”,“精神”,“心理”。在英语中,有不少词是用psycho做前缀构成的。除了刚才提到的psychology,psychological, psychologist以外,常见的还有:psychoanalysis(精神分析), psychotherapy(心理疗法)等。

  2. focus  v. (使)聚焦,(使)集中 ( focus on )   n. 焦点,中心

  He is focusing his eyes on a painting on the wall.(他正注视着墙上的一幅画。)

  Please focus your attention on the main problems.(请把注意力集中在主要问题上。)

  This area became the focus of the world's attention again.(这一地区再次成为世界注意的中心。)

  The 27th Olympic Games is now the focus of people's interest.(眼下第二十七届奥运会是人们兴趣的中心。)

  3. basic adj. 基本的,基础的

  They didn't make any effort to solve the basic economic problems.(他们没有做任何努力去解决基本的经济问题。)

  He even didn't have a basic aim in life.(他连生活的基本目标都没有。)

  There are certain factors that are basic to a good relationship between the two countries.(有些因素对两国之间的良好关系是很重要的。)

  It is necessary to teach them some basic mathematical skills.(教他们一些基本的数学技能是必要的。)

  4. principle   n. 原理,原则;信念  principal adj. 主要的n. 校长,负责人;委托人

  He won't give in as it is a matter of principle.(这是一个原则问题,他不会让步的。)

  The two machines work on the same principle.(这两台机器的工作原理是一样的。)

  No matter what you do, it is important that you have moral principle.(无论你做什么,道义很重要。)

  Rice is the principal food for most of the Chinese people.(米饭是大多数中国人的主食。)

  Go and ask all the principal persons concerned to come here.(去请所有有关的主要人员到这儿来。)

  She is the principal of that school. (她是那所学校的校长。)

  5. meaningfulness  n. 富有意义

  mean v. 表示…意思,意味着;打算

  meaning n. 意思,意义

  meaningful adj. 有意思的,意味深长的

  meaningless adj. 没有意思的

  Meaningfulness and organization are the two basic principles that help memory.(信息的意义和组织是有助于记忆的两个基本原则。)

  I don't know what he meant by telling me the news.(我不知道他把这个消息告诉我是什么意思。)

  Can you explain the meaning of the word to me?(你能把这个单词的意思给我解释一下吗?)

  They failed to get meaningful results from the experiment.(他们在实验中没有得到任何有意义的结果。)

  It is meaningless to argue any further.(再争辩下去没有任何意义。)

  6. organization   n. 组织;机构

  organize v. 组织

  China will surely become a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)。(中国一定会成为世界贸易组织的一员。)

  Everything is in a mess because there is a complete lack of organization.(由于组织工作的缺乏,一切处于混乱之中。)

  He organized a strike for better working conditions.(为了争取更好的工作条件,他组织了一次罢工。)

  He thought the meeting was badly organized. (他认为会议组织得很糟糕。)

  7. association n. 联合,结合;交往;协会

  associate v. 使联合;把…联想起来;交往 ( associate with )

  associate adj. 副的

  The cultural activity was organized by the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries.(这一文化活动是由中国人民对外友好协会组织的。)

  The picture reminded me of my brief association with the old lady years ago.(这幅画使我想起了多年前我与那位老太太的短暂交往。)

  Her hometown has happy associations for her.(她的家乡给了她许多美好的联想。)

  It is really difficult for me to associate the two ideas. (对我来说把这两个观点联系起来很困难。)

  He spent all his spare time associating with boys from the neighboring community.(他把所有的业余时间都花在与邻近社区男孩的交往上。)

  People always associate the name of Abraham Lincoln with the American Civil War.(人们总是把亚伯拉罕-林肯的名字与美国内战联系在一起。)

  an associate professor 副教授    an associate editor副主编

  8. visualization n. 想像,设想

  visualize v. 设想,想像

  visual adj. 视觉的;看的见的;形象化的

  Like meaningfulness and organization, visualization is also helpful to memory.(如同意义和组织,想像也有助于记忆。)

  I just cannot visualize what might become of him.(我无法想像他会变成什么样。)

  Even though I was not there, I can easily visualize the scene.(尽管我不在那儿,那儿的情景我不难想像。)

  I cannot say for sure if it was your visual illusion.(我不能肯定这是不是你的视错觉。)

  The stories he wrote are extremely visual.(他写的故事非常生动。)

  9. rhyme v. 韵,押韵

  rhythm n. 节奏

  I cannot think of a rhyme for “seven”。 (我想不出一个跟“seven”同韵的词。)

  She called him Guppy, to rhyme with puppy.(她叫他Guppy,是为了跟puppy押韵。)

  The rhythm of his speech held the attention of the audience.(他讲话时语调的抑扬顿挫抓住了听众的注意力。)

  Human biological rhythms are related to the natural cycle of day and night.(人的生物节奏与昼夜的自然循环有关。)

  10. ability n. 能力,才能

  Human beings have the ability to learn and use a language.(人类有学会和使用语言的能力。)

  No matter what you do, try to do it to the best of your ability.(不管做什么,你都要尽力而为。)

  His ability to master 5 foreign languages wins him the admiration of all his classmates.(他能掌握五门外语的能力赢得了所有同学的钦佩。)

  He has good speaking ability, but his writing ability is poor.(他说的能力很好,但写的能力差。)

  He is a man of outstanding ability.(他是一个有非凡才能的人。)

  11. random adj. 胡乱的,任意的,随意的   n. 无目的或目标

  The way the books were arranged seemed completely random.(图书排列的方式似乎很随意。)

  This is just a random selection of all the complaints we have received about our after service.

  (我们只是对所收到的有关售后服务方面的投诉随意地选择了一下。)

  He opened the books at random.(他胡乱地打开了书。)

  When his wife was away, he piled the soiled dishes in the kitchen at random.(他妻子外出时,他把脏碟子乱七八糟地堆在厨房里。)

  12. categorize v. 分类

  category n. 种类;范畴;部门

  If you categorize the information you need to remember, you will find it much easier.(如果你把所需记忆的信息分类,你就会觉得记忆起来要容易得多。)

  They categorized 200 songs as folk songs.(他们把两百首歌归为民歌类歌曲。)

  These books fall into the category of reference books.(这些书属参考书类。)

  His research does not belong to the category of natural science.(他的研究不属于自然科学范畴。)

  13. following adj. 接着的,下述的  prep. 在…之后

  the following 如下

  He promised the old man that he would come and see him again the following day.(他答应老人第二天再来看他。)

  After the meeting the following teachers will stay.(会后,以下的老师请留下。)

  The following examples will prove my point.(下面的例子将证实我的观点。)

  Following the discussion a decision was made.(讨论之后便做出了决定。)

  Following the concert he went home.(音乐会后,他就回了家。)

  The following are worthy of your attention.(以下几点值得你们注意。)

  The winners of the competition are the following: …(竞赛获胜者如下:…)

  14. needless adj. 不需要的,不必要的

  Needless to say, I don't think much of the proposal he put forward at the meeting.(不用说,我觉得他在会上提的建议不怎么样。)

  You don't have to take such a needless risk.(你不用去冒这种不必要的险。)

  Don't you think it is a waste of time to give him so much needless are?(你不觉得给他这么多不必要的关心是浪费时间吗?)

  15. refer v. ( to ) 提到,涉及;参考,查阅;把…归到…上;使向…请教;有关联

  reference n. 参考;提及;关联

  The whole thing is finished now, please don't refer to it.(整个事情都结束了,不要再提了。)

  He often refers to a dictionary for the spelling and meaning of a word.(他常常翻词典查阅词的拼写和意思。)

  He referred to her former classmates for her character.(他向她以前的同学询问她的品行。)

  He referred his defeat to poor health.(他把自己的失败归因于身体不好。)

  She referred me to Prof. Wang for detailed information.(他叫我去王教授那儿询问详情。)

  The doctor referred her to a heart specialist.(医生嘱咐她转诊于一位心脏病专家。)

  These answers are for reference only.(这些答案仅供参考。)

  His play is full of references to the political events of those days.(他的剧本涉及当时的许多政治事件。)

  16. relate v. ( to ) 有关联;叙述,讲述

  related adj. 有关的,相关的

  relation n. 关系,联系

  He related the story vividly to the whole class.(他向全班同学生动地讲述了那个故事。)

  I don't understand how the result related to / with the cause.(我不理解结果和原因如何关联。)

  If you want me to do this, you have to give me all the related material.(如果你想让我做这件事,你得把所有相关的材料给我。)

  Don't worry too much about them, they have very good relations.(别太为他们担心,他们的关系很好。)

  The two countries have established trade relations.(两国建立了贸易关系。)

  17. accurately adv. 准确地,精确地

  accurate adj. 准确的,精确的

  accuracy n. 准确,精确

  Remember that you have to do this work carefully and accurately.(记住,这项工作得做得细心而准确。)

  Right now I cannot give you a very accurate estimate.(现在我不能给你一个非常准确的估计。)

  He required that the typing should be done with great accuracy.(他要求打字必须十分准确。)

  18. memorize v. 熟记,记住

  Our English teacher asked us to memorize the words we learned today.(我们英语老师要求我们熟记今天所学的英语单词。)

  It is no easy thing for me to memorize all these telephone numbers.(熟记这些电话号码对我来说真不是一件容易的事情。)

  19. repeat v. 重复  repetition n. 重复

  I didn't quite catch what you said just now. Will you please repeat it?(我没有听清你刚才说的话,请你重复一遍,好吗?)

  We cannot repeat our mistakes.(我们不能重复自己的错误。)

  Repetition is necessary in language teaching and learning.(重复在语言教学中是必要的。)

  He memorized his lines after many repetitions.(经过多次重复他终于熟记了台词。)

  20. preserve v. 保护,维持;保存

  You will soon be near-sighted if you don't preserve your eyesight from now.(如果你不从现在起保护视力,你很快会近视的。)

  What do you think the United Nations can do in preserving world peace?(你觉得联合国能为维护世界和平做些什么?)

  Deep freezing is the simplest way of preserving food.(深冻是保藏食品最简便的方法。)

  词缀法

  1. 名词后缀 -ation; tion; sion

  organization,visualization,information,preservation,integration,

  relation,association,repetition,separation,addition

  2. 动词后缀 -ize

  organize,memorize,visualize,categorize,familiarize

  3. 名词后缀 -ence

  reference,difference

  4. 名词后缀 -ity

  similarity,familairity

  


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:44:56 [只看该作者]

本课简介

  本课介绍了在如何增强记忆方面心理学所做的研究。信息的意义,组织,联想和想像是有助于记忆的几个基本原则。如何运用这些基本原则呢?课文对此一一作了介绍,条理十分清楚。学了本课,相信会有收获。

  本课语言点

  1. Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory.

  research 在本句中做名词,这个词也可以做动词用。请看下面的例句,注意research的词类和用法:

  1) An excellent piece of research won him the international prize.(一项出色的研究使他获得了国际大奖。)

  2) Research shows that the potential of man's brain is limitless.(研究表明人脑的潜力是无限的。)

  3) Much research has been done on / into diseases of blood.(在血液病方面人们做了很多的研究。)

  4) Scientists have been researching on / into the causes of brain damage.(科学家们一直对脑损伤的起因进行研究。)

  5) They felt very much disappointed as they had been researching for three years but with no result.(做了三年的研究而没有任何结果,他们感到很失望。)

  focus on 是一个常用词组,意思是“集中”,在生词部分已作了较为详细的讲解,在此,请翻译几个句子:

  1) 他今天准是累了,他无法把注意力集中在工作上。(He must be very tired today, he just couldn't focus his attention to his work.)

  2) 她觉得很不自在,因为所有的目光都注视着她。(She felt very uneasy as all eyes were focused on her.)

  3) 这本书着重谈了中东的形势。(This book focuses on the situation in the Middle East.)

  a number of 的意思是“许多”。请看下面的例句,注意a number of 和the number of 的区别:

  1) A number of factories have been shut down because of pollution problems.(由于污染问题许多工厂被关闭了。)

  2) A number of students have handed in their application forms.(许多学生都递交了申请表。)

  3) The number of students in our school increases every year.(我们学校的学生人数每年都在增加。)

  4) The number of passengers who were injured in the accident is still unknown.(在事故中受伤的乘客人数还不知道。)

  2. It is useful to know how these principles work.

  it 在句中做形式主语,真正的主语to know how these principles work,此类结构我们在第一和第二单元已有了解。请看下面的句子:

  1) It is necessary to learn how to use the computer.(学会如何使用计算机很有必要。)

  2) It is important to find out why the forest fire broke out.(找出森林大火的原因很重要。)

  3) It is difficult to know what he is thinking about.(要想知道他在想什么很困难。)

  work 在本句中的意思是“起作用;产生影响”,请翻译下面的句子:

  1) The doctor said that the medicine would work.(医生说药会起作用的。)

  2) They didn't think his plan would work.(他们认为他的计划行不通。)

  3) They didn't expect that the teacher's encouragement would work such a change in him.(他们没有料到老师的鼓励会使他产生如此变化。)


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:45:11 [只看该作者]

 

Unit4(第11讲—第13讲)

  3. Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels.

  affect 是动词,意思是“影响”。常常会有一些英语学习者把动词affect和名词effect混淆,请注意下面的句子:

  1) The drought would surely affect the harvest.(这场干旱肯定会影响到收成。)

  2) Excessive smoking affected his health, bad coughs often made it difficult to breathe.(过度吸烟影响了他的健康,严重的咳嗽使他难以呼吸。)

  3) Psychologists believe that colors have a definite effect on people.(心理学家认为颜色对人肯定有影响。)

  4) We could all see the effects of the illness on him.(我们都能看出那场病在的身上的影响。)

  5) 职务的变化使他的收入大受影响。(The change in position greatly affected his income.)

  6) 他的话对听众没有任何影响作用。(What he said had little effect on the audience.)

  4. Information that doesn't make any sense to you is difficult to remember.

  that引导的定语从句修饰information; 主句是Information is difficult to remember.

  不定式to remember 用在做表语用的形容词后面作状语。请看下面的句子:

  1) Einstein was easy to get along with.(爱因斯坦很容易相处。)

  2) To many foreigners, Chinese is hard to learn.(对许多外国人来说汉语很难学。)

  3) The water in this river is not fit to drink.(这条河里的水不适合饮用。)

  4) This question is very difficult to answer.(这个问题很难回答。)

  make sense 的意思是“有意义;可理解”。请看下面的句子:

  1) No matter how you read it, this sentence doesn't make any sense to me.(无论你怎么读,我都不理解这个句子。)

  2) What the writer wanted to express in his book doesn't make any sense to the readers.(读者们无法理解作者在书中所要表达的意思。)

  3) His explanation makes no sense to his students.(学生们不理解他的解释。)

  5. Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember.

  动词不定式to remember在句中做定语,修饰名词ability.请看下面的句子:

  1) You should have confidence in your ability to fulfill the task.(你们应对自己完成认务的能力有信心。)

  2) He has kept the promise to come early in the morning.(他遵守了一大早来的诺言。)

  3) They have the determination to overcome all the difficulties.(他们有克服所有困难的决心。)

  4) We could see her anxiety to solve the problem.(我们能看出她急于解决这个问题。)

  make a difference 的意思是“有关系;有影响;起作用”。请看下面的句子:

  1) What he said would not make any difference in my decision-making.(他说的话不会对我做决定产生任何影响。)

  2) Your participation in the work will make a great difference.(你参与我们的工作,情况就不一样了。)

  3) Money won't make much difference to him.(钱对他起不了多大作用。)

  4) I didn't like the appearance of the house, but the location and price made all the difference.(我不喜欢那房子的外观,但它的位置和价格起了重要作用。)

  6. Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.

  句中的better是副词well的比较级形式,意思是“更好地”。请看下面的句子:

  1) This story is better written than that one.(这个故事写得比那个好。)

  2) This room is better furnished than that one.(这间屋子装饰得比那间好。)

  3) This team is better trained than that one.(这个队训练得比那个队好。)

  4) This job is better paid than that one.(这份工作的报酬比那份高。)

  information是一个不可数名词,不能在其后加“-s”。请看例句:

  1) There are many ways of obtaining information.(获得信息的途径很多。)

  2) So far I haven't got any information about the game.(我至今还没有得到有关比赛的任何消息。)

  3) I am sure this piece of information will be of great value to them.(我肯定这一消息对他们会很有价值。)

  7. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.

  在第一单元的Text B中我们已经对consist of有所了解。这一词组的意思是“由…组成”,它与be made up of;be composed of 的意思相近,但consist of 不用被动语态。请看例句:

  1) The United States consists of 50 states.(美国由50个州组成。)

  2) The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.(英国由大不立颠和北爱尔兰组成。)

  3) Their team is made up of 6 team members.(他们队由6名队员组成。)

  4) Our class is made up of 45 students.(我们班由45名同学组成。)

  a bit在句中的意思是“一点,一些”,它可以用在形容词的前面, 但是不能用在名词的前面。在名词前面必须用a bit of.请看下面的例句:

  1) I am a bit tired today.(我今天有点累。)

  2) He said he was bit hungry.(他说他有点饿。)

  3) Your article is a bit long for our paper. (你的文章对我们的报纸来说有点长了。)

  4) He gave the bird a bit of water. (他给了鸟儿一点水。)

  5) I would appreciate it if you could give me a bit of good advice.(如果你能给我一点宝贵建议我会很感激的。)

  6) I only know a bit of Spanish. (我只懂一点点西班牙语。)

  8. Categorizing is another means of organization.

  句中的means是一个名词,意思是“方式;手段”,它不是动词mean的第三人称单数。请看下面的例句:

  1) The quickest means of travel is by plane. (最快的旅行方式是乘飞机。)

  2) Bicycle is the most convenient means of transport. (自行车是最方便的交通工具。)

  3) Email is a modern means of communication. (电子邮件是一种现代通讯方式。)

  4) He means what he says. (他说话算数。)

  5) Forgetting the past means betrayal. (忘记过去就意味着背叛。)

  9. Many people will group them into similar categories and remember them as follows:

  group into在句中的意思是“把…分组;把…归类”。请看例句:

  1) We can group the animals into several types. (我们可以把这些动物归成几类。)

  2) Group the words into similar categories and they will be more easily to remember.(把类型相似的单词归类,记起来就更容易了。)

  as follows 的意思是“如下”,请看例句:

  1) The full text reads as follows: (全文如下:)

  2) The results are as follows: (结果如下:)

  10. Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it tosomething we remember accurately.

  refer to这一词组的意思很多,我们在单词部分已做过讲解。该词组在本句中的意思是“涉及;指”。请看下面的句子:

  1) In the second chapter I will refer to this point again.(在第二章中,我还会提到这一点的。)

  2) The numbers in my article refer to the footnotes.(我文章中的数目字指的是注脚。)

  3) The author referred to his grandfather several times in his story.(作者在他的故事中几次提到他的祖父。)

  we want to remember 和we remember accurately都是省略了that的定语从句,前者修饰material,后者修饰something.请看例句:

  1) The book you gave me is very interesting.(你给我的那本书很有趣。)

  2) The news he told me disturbed all of us greatly.(他告诉我的那个消息使我们大家深感不安。)

  3) The information you gathered is of great help to me.(你收集的那些信息对我很有帮助。)

  句子中的it指的是the material.relate…to 在句子中的意思是“与…有关系”,请看例句:

  1) His talk mainly related to environmental protection.(他的讲话主要是关于环境保护的。)

  2) This regulation relates only to children under 12.(这一规则仅适用于12岁以下儿童。)

  11. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered.

  striking在句子中做形容词用,意思是“显著的,引人注目的”,请看例句:

  1) They made a striking commercial success within 5 years.(在5年的时间里,他们在商业上取得了惊人的成功。)

  2) Helen's facial features bore a striking resemblance to her mother's.(海伦的面部特征与她的母亲十分相像。)

  3) I am not sure whether he can make it this time. I just feel he has a striking lack of confidence.(我不能确定他这次能否成功,其只是觉得他明显信心不足。)

  to be remembered不定式的被动形式做定语,修饰the items.请看例句:

  1) There are a lot of things to be done.(有很多事要做。)

  2) Are you going to the press conference to be held this weekend?(你准备参加本周末举行的记者招待会吗?)

  3) This was the first project to be designed John's brother. (这是约翰的哥哥设计的第一个工程。)

  12. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words.

  subject在本句中做名词用,意思是“受试者,实验对象”。Subject这个词的词义很多,请看例句,注意subject的词义:

  1) The subject of today's discussion is “Population and Education”。(今天讨论的题目是“人口与教育”。)

  2) The teacher explained in details the subject of the story to the whole class.(老师把故事的主题详细讲给全班同学听。)

  3) How many subjects are you taking this semester?(这学期你选几门课?)

  4) He became the subject for ridicule.(他成了人们取笑的对象。)

  5) Rabbits and mice are often subjects for medical experiments.(兔和鼠常被用作医学实验的对象。)

  6) He is a Chinese subject.(他是中国国民。)

  7) This sentence doesn't have a subject.(这个句子没有主语。)

  subject还常常做动词或形容词用,请看例句:

  1) The country was once subjected to foreign rule.(这个国家曾一度受外国统治。)

  2) Taipei was subjected to serious earthquakes last year.(台北去年遭受了严重的地震灾害。)

  3) We are all subject to the laws of nature.(我们都要受自然规律的支配。)

  4) The child is very subject to coughs.(这孩子动不动就咳嗽。)

  5) All men are subject to death.(人总有一死。)

  while 在句子中做连词用,意思是“而,然而”。while也是一个多义词,请注意下面例句中while 的意思:

  1) Strike while the iron is hot.(趁热打铁。)

  2) He listened to the radio while he was doing his homework.(他一边听收音机,一边做作业。)

  3) He is talkative while his twin brother is of few words.(他很健谈,而他的孪生兄弟则少言寡语。)

  4) While the old man is respected, he is not well liked.(这个老人很受尊敬,但不太受喜欢。)

  5) You will succeed sooner or later while you don't lose heart.(只要你不失去信心,你迟早会成功。)

  using imagery分词做状语,表示方式,请看例句:

  1) They stood there waiting for the bus.

  2) She had to work standing up.

  13. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.

  划线部分是该句的主要成分,forming an integrated image动名词短语做主语,can help做谓语,us to preserve a memory做复合宾语。

  斜体部分是一个“with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构,做方式状语,修饰动名词短语forming an integrated image.

  不定式与名词或代词构成复合结构,做动词宾语的现象在英语中很常见,在前几讲中我们也遇到过。再请看几个例句:

  1) Would you like Tom to go with you?(你愿意汤姆和你一起去吗?)

  2) He wants you to see him in the afternoon.(他想让你下午去见他。)

  3) Father encouraged him to study harder.(父亲鼓励他更加努力学习。)

  4) I will get someone to help you.(我去找个人来帮你。)

  “with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构在英语中也很常见,请看例句:

  1) With the problem solved, the plan is going on smoothly.(随着这个问题的解决,计划正顺利进行。)

  2) Standing there is a torture to her, with so many eyes fixed on her.(这么多人注视着她,于她而言,站在那儿是一种折磨。)

  


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:45:23 [只看该作者]

本课主要词组及句型

  词组:

  1. focus on             2. a number of

  3. at all levels     4. make sense

  5. make a difference 6. in random order

  7. consist of         8. group into

  9. as follows         10. needless to say

  11. refer to         12. relate…to

  13. associate with     14. compare with

  句型:

  A.定语从句

  1) Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory.

  2) Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember

  3) There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful.

  4) Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.

  5) Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.

  B. 动名词做主语

  1) Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.

  2) Categorizing is another means of organization.

  3) Forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.

  Text B   Short-term Memory

  短语表达

  1. at a later time

  Go ahead with your work, I will give you a call at a later time.

  I am not sure if I can remember all this at a later time.

  2. in contrast (with / to)

  Helen is very talkative. In contrast, her elder sister is silent.

  His rudeness was in striking contrast with Jack's thoughtfulness.

  3. look up

  I don't remember Tom's telephone number, will you please look it up in the telephone book for me?

  Look up the dictionary for the meaning of this new word.

  4. be unable to

  I am really sorry that I was unable to give you a call beforehand.

  He was unable to provide us with more information.

  5. be released from

  He was released from prison after he had been kept there for 5 years.

  He was released from a hospital last week after treatment for a disease.

  6. be rewarded with

  The winner was rewarded with gift of fruit and flowers.

  If the rat could find the right door, it would be rewarded with food.


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:45:47 [只看该作者]

 

Unit5(第14讲—第16讲)

  Text A   Fallacies about Food

  本课主要单词

  1. fallacy   n. 谬误;谬论;错误的推理或信念

  That the earth is flat used to be a popular fallacy.(地球是扁平的这一谬误曾一度很流行。)

  Needless to say, this statement is based on fallacy.(不用说,这是一个基于谬误推理的陈述。)

  What you had seen couldn't be true, it might be a fallacy of the eye.(你所看到的不可能是真的,也许是你的视错觉。)

  2. quality n. 质量;品质,特性 adj. 优质的,高级的

  He is a man of many good qualities.(他具有许多优秀品质。)

  The quality of your products is superior to that of ours.(你们的产品质量比我们的好。)

  They promised that they would offer the community a variety of quality services.(他们承诺为社区提供多项优质服务。)

  You have no reason to deprive me of the right to a quality education.(你没有理由剥夺我受良好教育的权利。)

  qualify v. 使合适,使胜任

  I am not very sure if he is qualified for the job.(我不很肯定他是否胜任这份工作。)

  His skills qualify him for the job.(他的技艺使他有资格担任这一工作。)

  qualified adj. 有资格的;称职的

  What are you going to do with all these poorly qualified officers?(你会拿这些不称职的军官怎么样呢?)

  He is trying hard to make himself a qualified teacher.(他在努力使自己成为一个称职的教师。)

  3. savage adj. 野蛮的,未开化的;凶猛的,残酷的 n.野蛮人,粗野的人

  Most of the time elephants are tame but they can be very savage.(大多数时候大象很温顺,但他们也会大发野性。)

  No one can put up with his savage manners.(谁也忍受不了他的粗暴态度。)

  They don't know what will be there waiting for them once they get to the savage wilderness.(他们不知道进入蛮荒之后等待他们的会是什么。)

  He was afraid that he would encounter some savages if he stayed on that isolated island.(他担心呆在孤岛上会碰上野蛮人。)

  4. tribe n. 种族,部落;(动植物)族,类

  This attitude still remains in some primitive tribes.(这种观念在一些原始部落中依然存在。)

  They didn't quite expect that the tribe of cats could give them so much trouble.(他们没有料到猫族会给他们带来如此多的麻烦。)

  5. bravery n. 勇敢,大胆 brave adj. 勇敢的  v.冒(危险等);敢于做(某事)

  Being a nurse requires infinite patience and bravery.(做护士需要无限的耐心和勇敢。)

  He made a brave attempt to prevent the group fighting.(他勇敢地试图阻止群殴。)

  They braved all the dangers and difficulties in completing their work.(他们冒着各种危险和困难完成了任务。)

  6. eager adj. 热切的,渴望的

  be eager to do sth. 渴望做某事

  be eager for/about sth. 渴求某事

  eager beaver 做事异常卖力的人;雄心勃勃的人

  The eager crowd streamed into the hall.(急切的人群涌进了大厅。)

  She opened the telegram with eager fingers.(她用手指急不可奈地拆开了电报。)

  The teacher found all the students were eager to express their opinions.(老师发现所有的学生都渴望表述自己的观点。)

  I am eager for the performance to begin.(我热切地等待着演出的开始。)

  7. civilized adj. 文明的,开化的

  civilization n. 文明,文化

  Their aim is to create an orderly, just and civilized society.(他们的目标是建立一个有序,公正而文明的社会。)

  Professor Smith is going to give us a lecture on the history of Western civilization.(史密斯教授将给我们做有关西方文明史的讲座。)

  China is one of the four ancient civilizations.(中国是四大文明古国之一。)

  8. root n. 根;根本,根源; v. (使)生根,(使)扎根

  The edible part of this plant is its root.(这种植物的可食部分是根。)

  She flushed to the root of her hair.(她羞得满脸通红。)

  The lust for money is the root of all evils.(贪财是一切罪恶的根源。)

  Her love for the mother country is deeply rooted.(她对祖国的爱坚贞不移。)

  He sat there rooted like a statue.(他像一尊雕塑一样一动不动地坐在那儿。)

  9. magic n. 魔法,魔力;魔术

  magical adj. 有魔力的;神秘的

  magician n. 魔术师;巫师

  The prince was turned by magic into a beast.(王子被魔法变成了一只野兽。)

  We are trying to find someone to do some magic at the party.(我们正找人在晚会上玩魔术。)

  The magic of music is beyond words.(音乐的魅力无法用言语形容。)

  He used to believe that the old lady had magical powers.(他曾以为那个老太太有魔力。)

  No one would ever forget this magical experience.(谁也不会忘记这一神秘的经历。)

  The magician waved his wand and the rabbit disappeared. (魔术师挥了挥魔杖,兔子不见了。)

  (注意:magic也可以做形容词用,词义和magical一样。但是magic通常只能做定语用,而magical既可做定语用也可做表语用。)

  10. poisonous adj. 有毒的

  poison n.& v. 毒药;中毒,毒死;破坏

  Be careful! It is one of the most poisonous snakes in the world.(小心,这是世界上最毒的一种蛇。)

  Don't eat the leaves of this plant, they are poisonous.(别吃这种植物的叶子,有毒!)

  If he drank the poison, he would probably die.(如果他喝了这毒药,他可能会死。)

  One man's honey is another man's poison.(对甲有利未必对乙也有利。)

  He poisoned his wife.(他毒死了自己的妻子。)

  Industrial wastes are poisoning the atmosphere.(工业废料在污染着大气。)

  He had poisoned the political life of the nation. (他破坏了这个国家的政治生活。)

  11. overseas adv. 在海外,在国外  adj. 海外的,国外的

  He said he would travel overseas if he had a long holiday.(他说如果有长假,他就去国外旅游。)

  These companies are investing large sums overseas.(这些公司正向海外进行高额投资。)

  The overseas Chinese donated medicine and clothes to the flooded area.(海外华人向受灾地区捐赠药品和服装。)

  There is a vast overseas market for our goods.(我们的产品有广阔的海外市场。)

  12. widespread adj. 分布广的,普遍的

  There was a widespread belief that she committed suicide.(人们普遍认为她是自杀的。)

  Industrial robots will be in widespread use.(工业机器人将会广泛使用。)

  Pollution problem is now attracting widespread attention.(污染问题正引起广泛关注。)

  13. digestive adj. 消化的,有消化力的

  digest v. 消化;领会

  digestion n. 消化;领悟

  indigestible adj. 难理解的;难消化的

  The doctor told him there might be something wrong with his digestive system.(医生对他说他的消化系统可能有问题。)

  It will be very helpful for you to digest the important points in the book.(领会这本书中的要点将会对你很有帮助。)

  Every day they gave the old man food that was easy of digestion.(他们每天给老人易于消化的食物。)

  The steak was tough and indigestible.(这牛排太老,不易消化。)

  14. foundation n. 根据;基金会;基地

  The early training gave her a very firm foundation.(早期的训练给她打下了坚实的基础。)

  In fact the rumor is without foundation.(事实上,这个谣传没有根据。)

  This conference is sponsored by the National Foundation for Educational Research.(这个会议是由全国教育研究基金会主办的。)

  The construction workers are laying the foundations for a 28-story building.(建筑工人们正在为一座28层的高楼打地基。)

  15. belief n. 相信;信念

  believe v. 相信;认为

  It is his belief that he will succeed sooner or later.(他相信他迟早会成功。)

  What he told me just now is really beyond my belief.(他刚才对我说的话令我难以置信。)

  I believe we will win the match.(我相信我们会赢这场比赛。)

  Believe it or not he got a full mark in the exam.(信不信由你,他考试得了满分。)

  16. combination n. 结合,联合;化合物

  combine v. 结合,联合

  The color purple is a combination of red and blue.(紫色是由红蓝两色混合而成。)

  The football players showed good combination.(足球队员们配合默契。)

  It will do us a lot of good if we can combine theory with practice.(如果把理论和实际结合起来将对我们大有好处。)

  He very well combines the characters of soldier and poet.(他把军人和诗人的性格很好地融合在一起。)

  17.chiefly adv. 主要地

  chief n. 首领;长官   adj. 主要的

  This vegetable juice is made up chiefly of tomatoes and cucumbers.(这种蔬菜汁主要由西红柿和黄瓜制成。)

  I will have to go and talk to your department chief about it.(我得和你们部门的头儿好好谈谈。)

  I think this will become the chief concern of the world today.(我认为这将成为当今世界的首要关心的问题。)

  the editor in chief 总编     the chief engineer 总工程师

  chief executive 最高行政长官  chief justice 首席法官

  chief of staff 参谋长      chief of state 国家元首

  18. contain v. 包含;容纳;克制

  This mini-bus can contain 18 passengers.(这辆面包车可乘坐18人。)

  How much water can this water tank contain?(这只水箱能装多少水?)

  This book contains the material you need.(这本书里有你需要的材料。)

  He cannot contain himself for the joy.(他高兴得不能自制。)


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  发帖心情 Post By:2007/5/4 0:45:59 [只看该作者]

本课主要构词法

  affixation 词缀法

  1.名词后缀 -ity           quality

  2.名词后缀 -ation;-ion;     combination, civilization, foundation, digestion

  3.名词后缀 -ture          mixture

  4.形容词后缀 -ous        poisonous

  5.形容词后缀 -ible      indigestible

  6.形容词后缀 -ful       helpful, powerful

  7.副词前缀 over-         overseas

  compounding 合词法

  1.复合形容词     widespread; man-eating;

  2.复合名词       man-eating; carbohydrate


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