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make sb. unwilling to do sth. 意为“使得某人不愿做某事”。例如：His indifference to work made everybody unwilling to cooperate with him.（他对工作的冷漠态度使得所有的人都不愿与他合作。）
主语＋动词＋宾语＋补语（SVOC）的句型在课本第二单元的语法中已有较详细的论述。请翻译下面的句子：
1）His behavior at the dinner party made the host annoyed. （他在晚宴上的行为使主人很恼火。）
2）That film made him famous.（那部影片使他出了名。）
3）他刚才的一番话使玛丽很伤心。（What he said just now made Mary very sad.）
4）老师对他作文的评价令他失望。 （The teacher's comment on his composition made him disappointed.）
5）What he had done made his friends hesitant to accept the invitation.
（他的所为使得他的朋友们对接受邀请犹豫不决。）
6）他的挥霍浪费使得他的父母不愿意再给他钱。
（His unthriftiness made his parents unwilling to give him any more money.）
4. One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world”。
Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.
这两个都是表语从句和主句中的系动词连用的句子。结构为：主语＋系动词＋表语从句。请看下面的例句：My idea is that we contact him as soon as possible.（我的想法是我们应该尽快跟他联系。）
请翻译下面的句子：
1） My suggestion is that we should put off the meeting.（我的建议是我们应该把会议延期。）
2） One advantage of solar energy is that it will never be used up. （太阳能的一个优点是用之不竭。）
3） 问题是你不在时谁照管孩子。 （The problem is who will take care of the children while you are away.）
4） 看起来天要下雨。（It looks that it is going to rain.）
请注意辨析another 和other：
another由 an＋other构成，只和单数可数名词连用。other可用于所有名词前。another＋单数名词表示不定的“另一个”，the other＋单数可数名词表示特指的“另一个”。
请看下面的例句：
1） This idea is not very practical， will you think of another one？ （这个主意不太实际，你能另想一个吗？）
2） This book is too difficult. Show me another one.（这本书太难了，给我看另外一本。）
3） Of the three books in my bag， two are published in China， the other is published in the United States.
（我包里的三本书中，两本是中国出版的，另一本是美国出版的。）
4） Tom is here， but where are the other boys？（汤姆在这儿，其他的男孩在哪儿呢？）
5） I like this coat better than the other one.（两件上衣中，我更喜欢这一件。）
6） This camera is more expensive than the other one.（这架照相机比另一架贵。）
boiling hot意思是“滚热的，酷热的”。此处的boiling不是形容词而是副词，表示热的程度，修饰hot.
5. Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth.
此句中，that引导的名词性从句作形容词的补足语。例如：
1） I am afraid that I can not finish the article in two hours. （我担心我两小时内写不完这篇文章。）
2） He was afraid that he couldn't give you a definite answer. （他担心他不能给你一个明确的答复。）
3） I am afraid that I have made a mistake.（我担心自己犯了一个错误。）
4） We are confident that we can overcome all the difficulties. （我们相信自己能克服所有的困难。）
对“be + 形容词 + that引起的从句”这类结构，语法家们有的认为that从句做宾语用，有的认为that从句做状语用。根据句子的逻辑意义来判断也许比较方便一些。如：I'm sorry that you failed the exam again. 这个句子中的that从句起状语作用，相当于“…because you failed the exam again.”
6. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific，…
在第一单元中我们讨论过副词的同等比较。本句中as big as 则是形容词的同等比较。在这类句子中，可以有表示程度的状语。例如：
1） This book is not half as interesting as that one.（这本书还不如那本书一半有趣。）
2） My monthly income is only half as much as his.（我的月收入只有他的一半多。）
3） This year our university will enroll three times as many students as it did the year before last.
（我们学校今年的招生人数将是前年的三倍。）
请翻译下面的句子：
1） 我的英语口语还不及你的一半流利。（My spoken English is not half as fluent as yours.）
2） 这只手提箱还没有那只手提箱一半重。（This suitcase is not half as heavy as that one.）
3） 这个房间是那个房间的两倍。（This room is twice as large as that one.）
7. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.
suppose 常常做动词用，意思是“假定；猜想；认为”。例如：
1） Let's suppose it to be true.（让我们假定这是真的。）
2） I suppose he is very nervous.（我猜想他很紧张。）
3） I supposed him to be an honest man， but he often tells lies. （我以为他很诚实，他却经常说谎。）
在本句中suppose（也可以用supposing）是一个连词，意思是“假设（= if）；假使…结果会怎么样”。例如：
1） Suppose he is ill， what shall we do？（假如他病了，我们怎么办？）
2） Suppose a tiger should come out of the cage？ （如果一只老虎从笼子中跑出来怎么办？）
3） Suppose something should go wrong？（如果出了什么问题会怎么样？）
8. It would take the ocean about 4000 years to dry up.
it takes （sb.） some time to do sth. 是很常用的一个句型。例如：
1） 我骑自行车到学校要花半小时。（It takes me half an hour to get to school by bike.）
2） 他花了两个星期时间才看完那本书。（It took him two weeks to finish reading that book.）
请翻译下面的句子：
1） It took the boy three hours to finish his homework.（那个男孩花了3小时才写完作业。）
2） It takes less than 4 hours to get to Shanghai by train from Nanjing.（从南京乘火车到上海只要不到4小时。）
3） 他花了4天时间才走出密林。（It took him 4 days to go out of the forest.）
4） 照顾一个生病的老人要花许多时间。（It will take a great deal of time to look after a sick old man.
9. On the average the water is a little more than two miles deep， but in places it is much deeper.
on the average在句子中的意思是“平均而言”。例如：
1） On the average， they drove 70 miles an hour.（他们平均每小时行驶70英里。）
2） On the average， they spend 20 yuan on food every day.（他们平均每天花20块钱吃饭。）
a little 在句子中修饰more，表示程度，意思是“一点儿，稍许”。much在句子中修饰deeper，也表示程度，加强形容词比较级，意思是“…多”。例如：
1） I feel a little cold.（我觉得有点冷。）
2） He spent a little more than 20 yuan yesterday.（昨天他花了20块多一点儿。）
3） I feel much better now.（我现在感觉好多了。）
4） She is much more careful this time.（她这一次细心多了。）
请翻译下面的句子：
1） 干了一天的工作，我觉得有点累。（I feel a little tired after a day's work.）
2） 她对她的同学有点不友好。（She is a little unfriendly to her classmates.）
3） 听了那个消息他开心多了。（He was much happier after hearing that news.）
10. This “deep” measures 30，246 feet——almost 6 miles （9.6km）。
本句中的deep做名词用，意思是“深处”，“海渊”（水深超过3000英里）。
measure 在句子中做动词用，意思是“测量”，“有…深”。例如：
1） This room measures 10 metres across.（这个房间宽10米。）
2） The bridge measures 17 kilometres long.（这座桥长17公里。）
3） The water tank only measures 2 metres deep.（这只水箱只有2米深。）
本句中的 longest与课文前几段中出现的narrowest，saltiest，deepest一样，都是形容词的最高级形式。因为这几个词是单音节词或是以元音结尾的双音节词，所以，最高级的构成是在词尾加-est.对于大部分两个音节以上的形容词，最高级的构成是在形容词前面加most.请看例句：
1） He wants to make everybody believe that he is the happiest person in the world.
（他想使每一个人相信他是世界上最幸福的人。）
2） This is the strongest horse I have ever seen.（这是我所见过的最强壮的马。）
3） The boss wanted to find the most careful employees.（老板想找最细心的雇工。）
4） 黄山是我所知道的最美的山之一。
（Yellow Mountain is one of the most beautiful mountains I have ever known.）
5） 这条高速公路是中国最长的。（This express way is one of the longest in China. ）
6） 这本书是三本书中最有意思的。（This book is the most interesting of the three.）
rise 是一个不及物动词，在句子中的意思是“升起；隆起”。例如：
1） The sun rises in the east.（太阳在东方升起。）
2） Give the child some medicine， his temperature is rising. （给孩子服药，他的体温在升高。）
3） The mountain peak rises above the clouds.（山峰高耸入云。）
请注意区别以下动词：
1） rise 不及物动词 （起立；上升，高耸；浮现）
The old lady rose to her feet when she heard the doorbell.
The tower rises to a height of 70 feet.
An idea rises in my mind.
2） raise 及物动词 （举起；养育；提高；召集）
If you have any questions， please raise your hands.
When Father was in the army， Mother had a hard time raising three children.
The management promised to raise the workers''salary after the negotiation.
He failed to raise the money for his father''s heart operation.
3） arise 不及物动词 （升起；出现；由…引起）
Heavy smoke arose beyond the mountain.
New problems arise when old ones are solved.
His illness arose from malnutrition.
4） arouse 及物动词 （唤醒；激起，引起）
The noise outside aroused him from sleep.
The music aroused a feeling of homesickness in him.
floor在句子中的意思是“海底”。在其他语言环境中，floor当然有其他的意思。如；
1） He lives on the seventh floor.（他住在7楼。）
2） The wood floor gives a feeling of warmth in the winter. （冬天时，木地板给我温暖的感觉。）
3） He was given the floor at the meeting.（他在会上得到了发言权。）
4）He decided to floor the kitchen with plastic tiles.（他决定用塑料砖铺厨房地面。）
12. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make island
top 在句中做名词用，意思是“顶部，山顶”。例如：
1） He was the first to climb to the top of the hill.（他第一个爬上山顶。）
2） When we stand on the top of the mountain， the whole city is in sight.（我们站在山顶时，整个城市尽收眼底）
请翻译下面的句子，注意top的词类和意思：
1） He shouted at the top of his voice.（他放声高叫。）-n.
2） He is running at the top of his speed.（他正以最快的速度奔跑。）-n.
3） He is the top student in the class.（他是班上的尖子学生。）-adj.
4） This is the top news of the week.（这是本周的头条新闻。）-adj.
5） His father is a top diplomatic advisor.（他父亲是高级外交顾问。）-adj.
6） Mother is going to top the cake with cream.（妈妈准备在蛋糕上浇奶油。）-v.
7） He tops his father by half a head.（他比父亲高出半个头。）-v.
8） She needs a new skirt to match her top.（她需要一条新裙子配她的上衣。）-n.
与top有关的词组：
come out top（名列前茅） come out on top（出人头地） from top to bottom（从上到下，彻底地） from top to toe（从头到脚；完全） on top of the world（非常幸福；心满意足）
13. Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea.
called the Sargasso Sea 是修饰ocean的定语从句，在其前省去了which is.
请看下面的例句：
1） Opportunities are often thing （that） you have not noticed the first time around.
（机会常常是第一次出现时没有被人们注意到的东西。）
2） There is much （that） the little boy can do.（有许多是那小男孩能做。）
3）He is the right person （that） I want to discuss the problem with.（他正是我想与其讨论这个问题的人。）
14. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.
days常常指“时期，时代”，有时也表示“一生；生命”。请看例句：
1） In his boyhood days， he often went swimming and fishing with his friends.
（在他的童年时代，他常常和伙伴们一起游泳，钓鱼。）
2） In the days of Queen Victoria， the British colony expanded rapidly.
（在维多利亚女王时代，英国殖民地迅速扩张。）
3） He has experienced a lot of hardships in his days.（他一生中吃了许多苦。）
crew是一个集合名词，指“全体船员”，后面的谓语动词可以用单数也可以用复数，此句中谓语动词用的是复数were，因为从句子中可以推断出是许多vessels（船）上的船员。Sometimes they were.句子中省略becalmed.
15. The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores.
furnish sth. to sb. 意思是“为…提供”，我们同样可以用furnish sb. with sth.来表达这个意思。例如：
They furnished blankets and food to the refugees.（他们为难民供应毯子和食物。）
No one expected that he would furnish the information to the opponent.（谁也没有料到他会把消息提供给对手。）
Luckily， they have furnished us with a car and all the necessary maps.
（幸运的是他们为我们提供了一辆汽车和所有必要的地图。）
16. One of its famous fishing regions， the Grand Banks， is near Newfoundland.
the Grand Banks在句子中做同位语。请看下面的例句：
1） This theory was advanced by Einstein， a famous scientist. （这个理论是由著名科学家爱因斯坦提出的。）
2） This is Mr. Benjamin， dean of our department.（这是我们系主任本杰明先生。）
3） Qinghai Lake， the largest inland body of salt water in China， lies 3，198 metres above sea-level.
（中国最大的内陆咸水湖青海湖海拔3，198米。）
本课主要词组及句型
词组：
1. separate from 2. keep sb. from doing sth.
3. be unwilling to do sth. 4. between A and B
5. make sth unusual 6. so…that
7. dry up 8. on the average
9. rise from 10. furnish sth for sb.
11. pile up 12. from…to
A.定语从句：
1） The Atlantic is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.
2） Ocean currents affect the climates of the land near which they flow.
B.表语从句：
1） One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world”。
2） Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.
C.结果状语从句：
1） There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is.
2） We now have such fast ways of travelling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.
D.形容词的比较级和最高级：
1） The Atlantic is only half as big as the Pacific， but still it is very large.
2） It is more than 4，000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it.
3） Even at its narrowest it is about 2，000 miles wide.
4） Also， it is the world''s saltiest ocean.
5） The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico.
E.be one of＋复数名词
The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.
F.it takes sb. some time to do sth.
It would take the ocean about 4，000 years to dry up.
地理名称
1.（七）大洲和（四）大洋
Asia （亚洲） Europe（欧洲） Africa（非洲）
North America（北美洲） South America（南美洲） Oceania （大洋洲）
the Antarctic（南极洲） The Atlantic（大西洋） the Pacific（太平洋）
the Indian（印度洋） the Arctic（北冰洋）
2.常用词
continent （大陆） continental shelf（大陆架）
subcontinent（次大陆） volcano（火山）
iceberg（冰山） mountain range（山脉）
delta （三角洲） waterfall（瀑布） gulf（海湾）
straits channel（海峡） coast line （海岸线）
beach（海滩） gulf（海湾）
3. 大西洋之最
1） The Atlantic is the second largest ocean in the world
2） The Atlantic is the saltiest ocean in the world
3） Puerto Rico Trench is the deepest in the Atlantic Ocean.
4） Gulf Stream is the strongest warm water current in the Atlantic Ocean.
5） The Grand Banks near Newfoundland is the most prosperous fishing region in the world.
6） The drainage area of the Atlantic is four times that of the Pacific or the Indian.
2. 主要属海和岛屿
the Mississippi 密西西比河 the Hudson 哈得逊河 the Amazon 亚马逊河
the Congo 刚果河 Baffin Bay 巴芬湾 the Nigeria 尼日利亚河
the Rhine 莱茵河 the Caribbean Sea 加勒比海 the Mexican Gulf 墨西哥湾
the Hudson Bay 哈得逊湾 the Mediterranean Sea 地中海 the Black Sea 黑海
the North Sea 北海 the Baltic Sea 波罗的克海 Iceland 冰岛
Greenland 格陵兰岛 Faeroe Islands 法罗群岛 Shetland Islands 设得兰岛
Bermudas 百慕大群岛 Azores 亚速尔群岛 Grenada 格陵纳达岛
Antilles 安的列斯群岛 Trinidad Islands 特里尼达群岛 Malvinas Islands 马尔维纳斯群岛
Bahamas 巴哈马群岛
Text B The Moon
短语表达
1. tie to（与…联系在一起；使束缚于…）
He is seriously ill and has been tied to his bed for almost a month. （他病得厉害，已经卧床近一个月了。）
Study ties smoking to many diseases.（据研究，许多疾病与抽烟有关。）
I am sorry I didn''t have the time to go shopping with you. I was tied to housework.
（很抱歉我没能有时间和你一起去购物，家务杂事把我拴住了。）
2. except for（除了…之外）
The room is empty except for some chairs.（房间里除了一些椅子空荡荡。）
Your composition is well written except for some spelling mistakes.（除了几处拼写错误，你的文章写的不错）
3. be near to（靠近）
The park is near to our school. Let''s go boating.（公园离我们学校很近，我们去划船吧。）
The police station is near to our community. It is within walking distance.
（警察局离我们社区很近，步行就能到达。）
4. face towards（朝向）
My office is in the building that faces towards the street.（我的办公室在那座朝街的楼里。）
His new house faces towards the south.（他的新房子朝南。）
5. keep…in mind（把…记在心里）
I am not sure if he would keep what you have said in mind. （我不能肯定他是否会把你说的话记在心里。）
I will keep this in mind for future reference.（我会记住这个，供以后参考。）
6. light up（变亮；使容光焕发）
Her face lighted up when she heard the news.（听到那个消息，她面露喜色。）
His face was lighted （lit） up with excitement.（他因兴奋而满面春风。）
7. reflect（反射）
Mirrors reflect light.（镜子反射光。）
The white sand reflected the sun''s heat（白沙地反射太阳的热气。）。
The light reflected from the water into my eyes.（光线投过水面反射到我眼里。）
8. …enough for sb. to do sth.（足以让某人做某事）
The room is big enough for us to have a dancing party. （这间房够大了，我们可以在里面开舞会。）
The basket is light enough for the little boy to carry.（这只篮子很轻，那个小男孩能提动。）
9. speak of（提到，说起）
I have never heard him speak of his past.（我从来没有听他提起他的过去。）
She always looks proud when she speaks of her son. （说到她的儿子她总是很自豪的样子。）
10. otherwise（不然；另外的）
He reminded me of what I might otherwise have forgotten. （他提醒了我，不然我可能会忘记那件事。）
He is a little careless， but he is otherwise quite suitable for the job.
（他有点粗心，除此以外，他倒是很适合这个工作的。）
He is honest， but his twin brother is otherwise.（他很诚实，而他的孪生兄弟则不然。）
11. nothing but（仅仅，除了…之外没有什么）
There is nothing but a piece of bread in the cupboard.（食橱里除了一片面包什么也没有。）
He asked for nothing but trust.（除了信任，他什么要求都没有。）
本课主要语言点
1. psychological adj. 心理学的
Psychological factors often play an important part in winning a competition.
（在赢得一场比赛中，心理因素常常起着重要作用。）
Make sure all the kids are psychologically healthy.（确保孩子们心理健康。）
（the person who studies human mind－心理学家）
在希腊语中，psycho表示“灵魂”，“精神”，“心理”。在英语中，有不少词是用psycho做前缀构成的。除了刚才提到的psychology，psychological， psychologist以外，常见的还有：psychoanalysis（精神分析）， psychotherapy（心理疗法）等。
2. focus v. （使）聚焦，（使）集中 （ focus on ） n. 焦点，中心
He is focusing his eyes on a painting on the wall.（他正注视着墙上的一幅画。）
Please focus your attention on the main problems.（请把注意力集中在主要问题上。）
This area became the focus of the world's attention again.（这一地区再次成为世界注意的中心。）
The 27th Olympic Games is now the focus of people's interest.
（眼下第二十七届奥运会是人们兴趣的中心。）
3. basic adj. 基本的，基础的
They didn't make any effort to solve the basic economic problems.
（他们没有做任何努力去解决基本的经济问题。）
He even didn't have a basic aim in life.（他连生活的基本目标都没有。）
There are certain factors that are basic to a good relationship between the two countries.
（有些因素对两国之间的良好关系是很重要的。）
It is necessary to teach them some basic mathematical skills.（教他们一些基本的数学技能是必要的。）
4. principle n. 原理，原则；信念 principal adj. 主要的n. 校长，负责人；委托人
He won't give in as it is a matter of principle.（这是一个原则问题，他不会让步的。）
The two machines work on the same principle.（这两台机器的工作原理是一样的。）
No matter what you do， it is important that you have moral principle.（无论你做什么，道义很重要。）
Rice is the principal food for most of the Chinese people.（米饭是大多数中国人的主食。）
Go and ask all the principal persons concerned to come here.（去请所有有关的主要人员到这儿来。）
She is the principal of that school. （她是那所学校的校长。）
5. meaningfulness n. 富有意义
mean v. 表示…意思，意味着；打算
meaning n. 意思，意义
meaningful adj. 有意思的，意味深长的
meaningless adj. 没有意思的
Meaningfulness and organization are the two basic principles that help memory.
（信息的意义和组织是有助于记忆的两个基本原则。）
I don't know what he meant by telling me the news.（我不知道他把这个消息告诉我是什么意思。）
Can you explain the meaning of the word to me？（你能把这个单词的意思给我解释一下吗？）
They failed to get meaningful results from the experiment.（他们在实验中没有得到任何有意义的结果。）
It is meaningless to argue any further.（再争辩下去没有任何意义。）
6. organization n. 组织；机构
organize v. 组织
China will surely become a member of the World Trade Organization （WTO）。
（中国一定会成为世界贸易组织的一员。）
Everything is in a mess because there is a complete lack of organization.
（由于组织工作的缺乏，一切处于混乱之中。）
He organized a strike for better working conditions.（为了争取更好的工作条件，他组织了一次罢工。）
He thought the meeting was badly organized. （他认为会议组织得很糟糕。）
7. association n. 联合，结合；交往；协会
associate v. 使联合；把…联想起来；交往 （ associate with ）
associate adj. 副的
The cultural activity was organized by the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries.（这一文化活动是由中国人民对外友好协会组织的。）
The picture reminded me of my brief association with the old lady years ago.
（这幅画使我想起了多年前我与那位老太太的短暂交往。）
Her hometown has happy associations for her.（她的家乡给了她许多美好的联想。）
It is really difficult for me to associate the two ideas. （对我来说把这两个观点联系起来很困难。）
He spent all his spare time associating with boys from the neighboring community.
（他把所有的业余时间都花在与邻近社区男孩的交往上。）
People always associate the name of Abraham Lincoln with the American Civil War.
（人们总是把亚伯拉罕－林肯的名字与美国内战联系在一起。）
an associate professor 副教授 an associate editor副主编
8. visualization n. 想像，设想
visualize v. 设想，想像
visual adj. 视觉的；看的见的；形象化的
Like meaningfulness and organization， visualization is also helpful to memory.
（如同意义和组织，想像也有助于记忆。）
I just cannot visualize what might become of him.（我无法想像他会变成什么样。）
Even though I was not there， I can easily visualize the scene.（尽管我不在那儿，那儿的情景我不难想像。）
I cannot say for sure if it was your visual illusion.（我不能肯定这是不是你的视错觉。）
The stories he wrote are extremely visual.（他写的故事非常生动。）
9. rhyme v. 韵，押韵
rhythm n. 节奏
I cannot think of a rhyme for “seven”。 （我想不出一个跟“seven”同韵的词。）
She called him Guppy， to rhyme with puppy.（她叫他Guppy，是为了跟puppy押韵。）
The rhythm of his speech held the attention of the audience.
（他讲话时语调的抑扬顿挫抓住了听众的注意力。）
Human biological rhythms are related to the natural cycle of day and night.
（人的生物节奏与昼夜的自然循环有关。）
10. ability n. 能力，才能
Human beings have the ability to learn and use a language.（人类有学会和使用语言的能力。）
No matter what you do， try to do it to the best of your ability.（不管做什么，你都要尽力而为。）
His ability to master 5 foreign languages wins him the admiration of all his classmates.
（他能掌握五门外语的能力赢得了所有同学的钦佩。）
He has good speaking ability， but his writing ability is poor.（他说的能力很好，但写的能力差。）
He is a man of outstanding ability.（他是一个有非凡才能的人。）
The way the books were arranged seemed completely random.（图书排列的方式似乎很随意。）
This is just a random selection of all the complaints we have received about our after service.
（我们只是对所收到的有关售后服务方面的投诉随意地选择了一下。）
He opened the books at random.（他胡乱地打开了书。）
When his wife was away， he piled the soiled dishes in the kitchen at random.
（他妻子外出时，他把脏碟子乱七八糟地堆在厨房里。）
12. categorize v. 分类
category n. 种类；范畴；部门
If you categorize the information you need to remember， you will find it much easier.
（如果你把所需记忆的信息分类，你就会觉得记忆起来要容易得多。）
They categorized 200 songs as folk songs.（他们把两百首歌归为民歌类歌曲。）
These books fall into the category of reference books.（这些书属参考书类。）
His research does not belong to the category of natural science.（他的研究不属于自然科学范畴。）
13. following adj. 接着的，下述的 prep. 在…之后
the following 如下
He promised the old man that he would come and see him again the following day.（他答应老人第二天再来看他。）
After the meeting the following teachers will stay.（会后，以下的老师请留下。）
The following examples will prove my point.（下面的例子将证实我的观点。）
Following the discussion a decision was made.（讨论之后便做出了决定。）
Following the concert he went home.（音乐会后，他就回了家。）
The following are worthy of your attention.（以下几点值得你们注意。）
The winners of the competition are the following： …（竞赛获胜者如下：…）
14. needless adj. 不需要的，不必要的
Needless to say， I don't think much of the proposal he put forward at the meeting.
（不用说，我觉得他在会上提的建议不怎么样。）
You don't have to take such a needless risk.（你不用去冒这种不必要的险。）
Don't you think it is a waste of time to give him so much needless are？
（你不觉得给他这么多不必要的关心是浪费时间吗？）
15. refer v. （ to ） 提到，涉及；参考，查阅；把…归到…上；使向…请教；有关联
reference n. 参考；提及；关联
The whole thing is finished now， please don't refer to it.（整个事情都结束了，不要再提了。）
He often refers to a dictionary for the spelling and meaning of a word.
（他常常翻词典查阅词的拼写和意思。）
He referred to her former classmates for her character.（他向她以前的同学询问她的品行。）
He referred his defeat to poor health.（他把自己的失败归因于身体不好。）
She referred me to Prof. Wang for detailed information.（他叫我去王教授那儿询问详情。）
The doctor referred her to a heart specialist.（医生嘱咐她转诊于一位心脏病专家。）
These answers are for reference only.（这些答案仅供参考。）
His play is full of references to the political events of those days.（他的剧本涉及当时的许多政治事件。）
16. relate v. （ to ） 有关联；叙述，讲述
related adj. 有关的，相关的
relation n. 关系，联系
He related the story vividly to the whole class.（他向全班同学生动地讲述了那个故事。）
I don't understand how the result related to / with the cause.（我不理解结果和原因如何关联。）
If you want me to do this， you have to give me all the related material.
（如果你想让我做这件事，你得把所有相关的材料给我。）
Don't worry too much about them， they have very good relations.（别太为他们担心，他们的关系很好。）
The two countries have established trade relations.（两国建立了贸易关系。）
17. accurately adv. 准确地，精确地
accurate adj. 准确的，精确的
accuracy n. 准确，精确
Remember that you have to do this work carefully and accurately.（记住，这项工作得做得细心而准确。）
Right now I cannot give you a very accurate estimate.（现在我不能给你一个非常准确的估计。）
He required that the typing should be done with great accuracy.（他要求打字必须十分准确。）
18. memorize v. 熟记，记住
Our English teacher asked us to memorize the words we learned today.
（我们英语老师要求我们熟记今天所学的英语单词。）
It is no easy thing for me to memorize all these telephone numbers.
（熟记这些电话号码对我来说真不是一件容易的事情。）
19. repeat v. 重复 repetition n. 重复
I didn't quite catch what you said just now. Will you please repeat it？
（我没有听清你刚才说的话，请你重复一遍，好吗？）
We cannot repeat our mistakes.（我们不能重复自己的错误。）
Repetition is necessary in language teaching and learning.（重复在语言教学中是必要的。）
He memorized his lines after many repetitions.（经过多次重复他终于熟记了台词。）
20. preserve v. 保护，维持；保存
You will soon be near-sighted if you don't preserve your eyesight from now.
（如果你不从现在起保护视力，你很快会近视的。）
What do you think the United Nations can do in preserving world peace？
（你觉得联合国能为维护世界和平做些什么？）
Deep freezing is the simplest way of preserving food.（深冻是保藏食品最简便的方法。）
词缀法
1. 名词后缀 -ation； tion； sion
organization，visualization，information，preservation，integration，
relation，association，repetition，separation，addition
2. 动词后缀 -ize
organize，memorize，visualize，categorize，familiarize
3. 名词后缀 -ence
reference，difference
4. 名词后缀 -ity
similarity，familairity
本课简介
本课介绍了在如何增强记忆方面心理学所做的研究。信息的意义，组织，联想和想像是有助于记忆的几个基本原则。如何运用这些基本原则呢？课文对此一一作了介绍，条理十分清楚。学了本课，相信会有收获。
本课语言点
1. Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory.
research 在本句中做名词，这个词也可以做动词用。请看下面的例句，注意research的词类和用法：
1） An excellent piece of research won him the international prize.
（一项出色的研究使他获得了国际大奖。）
2） Research shows that the potential of man's brain is limitless.（研究表明人脑的潜力是无限的。）
3） Much research has been done on / into diseases of blood.（在血液病方面人们做了很多的研究。）
4） Scientists have been researching on / into the causes of brain damage.
（科学家们一直对脑损伤的起因进行研究。）
5） They felt very much disappointed as they had been researching for three years but with no result.
（做了三年的研究而没有任何结果，他们感到很失望。）
1） 他今天准是累了，他无法把注意力集中在工作上。
（He must be very tired today， he just couldn't focus his attention to his work.）
2） 她觉得很不自在，因为所有的目光都注视着她。（She felt very uneasy as all eyes were focused on her.）
3） 这本书着重谈了中东的形势。（This book focuses on the situation in the Middle East.）
a number of 的意思是“许多”。请看下面的例句，注意a number of 和the number of 的区别：
1） A number of factories have been shut down because of pollution problems.
（由于污染问题许多工厂被关闭了。）
2） A number of students have handed in their application forms.（许多学生都递交了申请表。）
3） The number of students in our school increases every year.（我们学校的学生人数每年都在增加。）
4） The number of passengers who were injured in the accident is still unknown.
（在事故中受伤的乘客人数还不知道。）
2. It is useful to know how these principles work.
it 在句中做形式主语，真正的主语to know how these principles work，此类结构我们在第一和第二单元已有了解。请看下面的句子：
1） It is necessary to learn how to use the computer.（学会如何使用计算机很有必要。）
2） It is important to find out why the forest fire broke out.（找出森林大火的原因很重要。）
3） It is difficult to know what he is thinking about.（要想知道他在想什么很困难。）
work 在本句中的意思是“起作用；产生影响”，请翻译下面的句子：
1） The doctor said that the medicine would work.（医生说药会起作用的。）
2） They didn't think his plan would work.（他们认为他的计划行不通。）
3） They didn't expect that the teacher's encouragement would work such a change in him.
（他们没有料到老师的鼓励会使他产生如此变化。）
3. Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels.
affect 是动词，意思是“影响”。常常会有一些英语学习者把动词affect和名词effect混淆，请注意下面的句子：
1） The drought would surely affect the harvest.（这场干旱肯定会影响到收成。）
2） Excessive smoking affected his health， bad coughs often made it difficult to breathe.
（过度吸烟影响了他的健康，严重的咳嗽使他难以呼吸。）
3） Psychologists believe that colors have a definite effect on people.
（心理学家认为颜色对人肯定有影响。）
4） We could all see the effects of the illness on him.（我们都能看出那场病在的身上的影响。）
5） 职务的变化使他的收入大受影响。（The change in position greatly affected his income.）
6） 他的话对听众没有任何影响作用。（What he said had little effect on the audience.）
4. Information that doesn't make any sense to you is difficult to remember.
that引导的定语从句修饰information； 主句是Information is difficult to remember.
不定式to remember 用在做表语用的形容词后面作状语。请看下面的句子：
1） Einstein was easy to get along with.（爱因斯坦很容易相处。）
2） To many foreigners， Chinese is hard to learn.（对许多外国人来说汉语很难学。）
3） The water in this river is not fit to drink.（这条河里的水不适合饮用。）
4） This question is very difficult to answer.（这个问题很难回答。）
make sense 的意思是“有意义；可理解”。请看下面的句子：
1） No matter how you read it， this sentence doesn't make any sense to me.
（无论你怎么读，我都不理解这个句子。）
2） What the writer wanted to express in his book doesn't make any sense to the readers.
（读者们无法理解作者在书中所要表达的意思。）
3） His explanation makes no sense to his students.（学生们不理解他的解释。）
5. Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember.
动词不定式to remember在句中做定语，修饰名词ability.请看下面的句子：
1） You should have confidence in your ability to fulfill the task.（你们应对自己完成认务的能力有信心。）
2） He has kept the promise to come early in the morning.（他遵守了一大早来的诺言。）
3） They have the determination to overcome all the difficulties.（他们有克服所有困难的决心。）
4） We could see her anxiety to solve the problem.（我们能看出她急于解决这个问题。）
make a difference 的意思是“有关系；有影响；起作用”。请看下面的句子：
1） What he said would not make any difference in my decision-making.
（他说的话不会对我做决定产生任何影响。）
2） Your participation in the work will make a great difference.（你参与我们的工作，情况就不一样了。）
3） Money won't make much difference to him.（钱对他起不了多大作用。）
4） I didn't like the appearance of the house， but the location and price made all the difference.
（我不喜欢那房子的外观，但它的位置和价格起了重要作用。）
6. Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.
句中的better是副词well的比较级形式，意思是“更好地”。请看下面的句子：
1） This story is better written than that one.（这个故事写得比那个好。）
2） This room is better furnished than that one.（这间屋子装饰得比那间好。）
3） This team is better trained than that one.（这个队训练得比那个队好。）
4） This job is better paid than that one.（这份工作的报酬比那份高。）
information是一个不可数名词，不能在其后加“-s”。请看例句：
1） There are many ways of obtaining information.（获得信息的途径很多。）
2） So far I haven't got any information about the game.（我至今还没有得到有关比赛的任何消息。）
3） I am sure this piece of information will be of great value to them.
（我肯定这一消息对他们会很有价值。）
在第一单元的Text B中我们已经对consist of有所了解。这一词组的意思是“由…组成”，它与be made up of；be composed of 的意思相近，但consist of 不用被动语态。请看例句：
1） The United States consists of 50 states.（美国由50个州组成。）
2） The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
（英国由大不立颠和北爱尔兰组成。）
3） Their team is made up of 6 team members.（他们队由6名队员组成。）
4） Our class is made up of 45 students.（我们班由45名同学组成。）
a bit在句中的意思是“一点，一些”，它可以用在形容词的前面， 但是不能用在名词的前面。在名词前面必须用a bit of.请看下面的例句：
1） I am a bit tired today.（我今天有点累。）
2） He said he was bit hungry.（他说他有点饿。）
3） Your article is a bit long for our paper. （你的文章对我们的报纸来说有点长了。）
4） He gave the bird a bit of water. （他给了鸟儿一点水。）
5） I would appreciate it if you could give me a bit of good advice.
（如果你能给我一点宝贵建议我会很感激的。）
6） I only know a bit of Spanish. （我只懂一点点西班牙语。）
8. Categorizing is another means of organization.
句中的means是一个名词，意思是“方式；手段”，它不是动词mean的第三人称单数。请看下面的例句：
1） The quickest means of travel is by plane. （最快的旅行方式是乘飞机。）
2） Bicycle is the most convenient means of transport. （自行车是最方便的交通工具。）
3） Email is a modern means of communication. （电子邮件是一种现代通讯方式。）
4） He means what he says. （他说话算数。）
5） Forgetting the past means betrayal. （忘记过去就意味着背叛。）
9. Many people will group them into similar categories and remember them as follows：
group into在句中的意思是“把…分组；把…归类”。请看例句：
1） We can group the animals into several types. （我们可以把这些动物归成几类。）
2） Group the words into similar categories and they will be more easily to remember.
（把类型相似的单词归类，记起来就更容易了。）
as follows 的意思是“如下”，请看例句：
1） The full text reads as follows： （全文如下：）
2） The results are as follows： （结果如下：）
10. Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it tosomething we remember accurately.
refer to这一词组的意思很多，我们在单词部分已做过讲解。该词组在本句中的意思是“涉及；指”。请看下面的句子：
1） In the second chapter I will refer to this point again.（在第二章中，我还会提到这一点的。）
2） The numbers in my article refer to the footnotes.（我文章中的数目字指的是注脚。）
3） The author referred to his grandfather several times in his story.
（作者在他的故事中几次提到他的祖父。）
we want to remember 和we remember accurately都是省略了that的定语从句，前者修饰material，后者修饰something.请看例句：
1） The book you gave me is very interesting.（你给我的那本书很有趣。）
2） The news he told me disturbed all of us greatly.（他告诉我的那个消息使我们大家深感不安。）
3） The information you gathered is of great help to me.（你收集的那些信息对我很有帮助。）
句子中的it指的是the material.relate…to 在句子中的意思是“与…有关系”，请看例句：
1） His talk mainly related to environmental protection.（他的讲话主要是关于环境保护的。）
2） This regulation relates only to children under 12.（这一规则仅适用于12岁以下儿童。）
11. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered.
striking在句子中做形容词用，意思是“显著的，引人注目的”，请看例句：
1） They made a striking commercial success within 5 years.
（在5年的时间里，他们在商业上取得了惊人的成功。）
2） Helen's facial features bore a striking resemblance to her mother's.
（海伦的面部特征与她的母亲十分相像。）
3） I am not sure whether he can make it this time. I just feel he has a striking lack of confidence.
（我不能确定他这次能否成功，其只是觉得他明显信心不足。）
to be remembered不定式的被动形式做定语，修饰the items.请看例句：
1） There are a lot of things to be done.（有很多事要做。）
2） Are you going to the press conference to be held this weekend？
（你准备参加本周末举行的记者招待会吗？）
3） This was the first project to be designed John's brother. （这是约翰的哥哥设计的第一个工程。）
12. In one study， subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery， while the second group used repetition to learn the words.
subject在本句中做名词用，意思是“受试者，实验对象”。Subject这个词的词义很多，请看例句，注意subject的词义：
1） The subject of today's discussion is “Population and Education”。（今天讨论的题目是“人口与教育”。）
2） The teacher explained in details the subject of the story to the whole class.
（老师把故事的主题详细讲给全班同学听。）
3） How many subjects are you taking this semester？（这学期你选几门课？）
4） He became the subject for ridicule.（他成了人们取笑的对象。）
5） Rabbits and mice are often subjects for medical experiments.（兔和鼠常被用作医学实验的对象。）
6） He is a Chinese subject.（他是中国国民。）
7） This sentence doesn't have a subject.（这个句子没有主语。）
1） The country was once subjected to foreign rule.（这个国家曾一度受外国统治。）
2） Taipei was subjected to serious earthquakes last year.（台北去年遭受了严重的地震灾害。）
3） We are all subject to the laws of nature.（我们都要受自然规律的支配。）
4） The child is very subject to coughs.（这孩子动不动就咳嗽。）
5） All men are subject to death.（人总有一死。）
while 在句子中做连词用，意思是“而，然而”。while也是一个多义词，请注意下面例句中while 的意思：
1） Strike while the iron is hot.（趁热打铁。）
2） He listened to the radio while he was doing his homework.（他一边听收音机，一边做作业。）
3） He is talkative while his twin brother is of few words.（他很健谈，而他的孪生兄弟则少言寡语。）
4） While the old man is respected， he is not well liked.（这个老人很受尊敬，但不太受喜欢。）
5） You will succeed sooner or later while you don't lose heart.（只要你不失去信心，你迟早会成功。）
using imagery分词做状语，表示方式，请看例句：
1） They stood there waiting for the bus.
2） She had to work standing up.
13. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.
划线部分是该句的主要成分，forming an integrated image动名词短语做主语，can help做谓语，us to preserve a memory做复合宾语。
斜体部分是一个“with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构，做方式状语，修饰动名词短语forming an integrated image.
不定式与名词或代词构成复合结构，做动词宾语的现象在英语中很常见，在前几讲中我们也遇到过。再请看几个例句：
1） Would you like Tom to go with you？（你愿意汤姆和你一起去吗？）
2） He wants you to see him in the afternoon.（他想让你下午去见他。）
3） Father encouraged him to study harder.（父亲鼓励他更加努力学习。）
4） I will get someone to help you.（我去找个人来帮你。）
“with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构在英语中也很常见，请看例句：
1） With the problem solved， the plan is going on smoothly.（随着这个问题的解决，计划正顺利进行。）
2） Standing there is a torture to her， with so many eyes fixed on her.
（这么多人注视着她，于她而言，站在那儿是一种折磨。）
本课主要词组及句型
词组：
1. focus on 2. a number of
3. at all levels 4. make sense
5. make a difference 6. in random order
7. consist of 8. group into
9. as follows 10. needless to say
11. refer to 12. relate…to
13. associate with 14. compare with
句型：
A.定语从句
1） Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory.
2） Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember
3） There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful.
4） Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.
5） Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.
B. 动名词做主语
1） Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.
2） Categorizing is another means of organization.
3） Forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.
Text B Short-term Memory
短语表达
1. at a later time
Go ahead with your work， I will give you a call at a later time.
I am not sure if I can remember all this at a later time.
2. in contrast （with / to）
Helen is very talkative. In contrast， her elder sister is silent.
His rudeness was in striking contrast with Jack's thoughtfulness.
3. look up
I don't remember Tom's telephone number， will you please look it up in the telephone book for me？
Look up the dictionary for the meaning of this new word.
4. be unable to
I am really sorry that I was unable to give you a call beforehand.
He was unable to provide us with more information.
5. be released from
He was released from prison after he had been kept there for 5 years.
He was released from a hospital last week after treatment for a disease.
6. be rewarded with
The winner was rewarded with gift of fruit and flowers.
If the rat could find the right door， it would be rewarded with food.
本课主要单词
1. fallacy n. 谬误；谬论；错误的推理或信念
That the earth is flat used to be a popular fallacy.（地球是扁平的这一谬误曾一度很流行。）
Needless to say， this statement is based on fallacy.（不用说，这是一个基于谬误推理的陈述。）
What you had seen couldn''''t be true， it might be a fallacy of the eye.
（你所看到的不可能是真的，也许是你的视错觉。）
2. quality n. 质量；品质，特性 adj. 优质的，高级的
He is a man of many good qualities.（他具有许多优秀品质。）
The quality of your products is superior to that of ours.（你们的产品质量比我们的好。）
They promised that they would offer the community a variety of quality services.
（他们承诺为社区提供多项优质服务。）
You have no reason to deprive me of the right to a quality education.
（你没有理由剥夺我受良好教育的权利。）
qualify v. 使合适，使胜任
I am not very sure if he is qualified for the job.（我不很肯定他是否胜任这份工作。）
His skills qualify him for the job.（他的技艺使他有资格担任这一工作。）
qualified adj. 有资格的；称职的
What are you going to do with all these poorly qualified officers？（你会拿这些不称职的军官怎么样呢？）
He is trying hard to make himself a qualified teacher.（他在努力使自己成为一个称职的教师。）
3. savage adj. 野蛮的，未开化的；凶猛的，残酷的 n.野蛮人，粗野的人
Most of the time elephants are tame but they can be very savage.
（大多数时候大象很温顺，但他们也会大发野性。）
No one can put up with his savage manners.（谁也忍受不了他的粗暴态度。）
They don''''t know what will be there waiting for them once they get to the savage wilderness.
（他们不知道进入蛮荒之后等待他们的会是什么。）
He was afraid that he would encounter some savages if he stayed on that isolated island.
（他担心呆在孤岛上会碰上野蛮人。）
4. tribe n. 种族，部落；（动植物）族，类
This attitude still remains in some primitive tribes.（这种观念在一些原始部落中依然存在。）
They didn''''t quite expect that the tribe of cats could give them so much trouble.
（他们没有料到猫族会给他们带来如此多的麻烦。）
5. bravery n. 勇敢，大胆 brave adj. 勇敢的 v.冒（危险等）；敢于做（某事）
Being a nurse requires infinite patience and bravery.（做护士需要无限的耐心和勇敢。）
He made a brave attempt to prevent the group fighting.（他勇敢地试图阻止群殴。）
They braved all the dangers and difficulties in completing their work.
（他们冒着各种危险和困难完成了任务。）
6. eager adj. 热切的，渴望的
be eager to do sth. 渴望做某事
be eager for/about sth. 渴求某事
eager beaver 做事异常卖力的人；雄心勃勃的人
The eager crowd streamed into the hall.（急切的人群涌进了大厅。）
She opened the telegram with eager fingers.（她用手指急不可奈地拆开了电报。）
The teacher found all the students were eager to express their opinions.
（老师发现所有的学生都渴望表述自己的观点。）
I am eager for the performance to begin.（我热切地等待着演出的开始。）
7. civilized adj. 文明的，开化的
civilization n. 文明，文化
Their aim is to create an orderly， just and civilized society.
（他们的目标是建立一个有序，公正而文明的社会。）
Professor Smith is going to give us a lecture on the history of Western civilization.
（史密斯教授将给我们做有关西方文明史的讲座。）
China is one of the four ancient civilizations.（中国是四大文明古国之一。）
8. root n. 根；根本，根源； v. （使）生根，（使）扎根
The edible part of this plant is its root.（这种植物的可食部分是根。）
She flushed to the root of her hair.（她羞得满脸通红。）
The lust for money is the root of all evils.（贪财是一切罪恶的根源。）
Her love for the mother country is deeply rooted.（她对祖国的爱坚贞不移。）
He sat there rooted like a statue.（他像一尊雕塑一样一动不动地坐在那儿。）
9. magic n. 魔法，魔力；魔术
magical adj. 有魔力的；神秘的
magician n. 魔术师；巫师
The prince was turned by magic into a beast.（王子被魔法变成了一只野兽。）
We are trying to find someone to do some magic at the party.（我们正找人在晚会上玩魔术。）
The magic of music is beyond words.（音乐的魅力无法用言语形容。）
He used to believe that the old lady had magical powers.（他曾以为那个老太太有魔力。）
No one would ever forget this magical experience.（谁也不会忘记这一神秘的经历。）
The magician waved his wand and the rabbit disappeared. （魔术师挥了挥魔杖，兔子不见了。）
（注意：magic也可以做形容词用，词义和magical一样。但是magic通常只能做定语用，而magical既可做定语用也可做表语用。）
10. poisonous adj. 有毒的
poison n.& v. 毒药；中毒，毒死；破坏
Be careful！ It is one of the most poisonous snakes in the world.（小心，这是世界上最毒的一种蛇。）
Don''''t eat the leaves of this plant， they are poisonous.（别吃这种植物的叶子，有毒！）
If he drank the poison， he would probably die.（如果他喝了这毒药，他可能会死。）
One man''''s honey is another man''''s poison.（对甲有利未必对乙也有利。）
He poisoned his wife.（他毒死了自己的妻子。）
Industrial wastes are poisoning the atmosphere.（工业废料在污染着大气。）
He had poisoned the political life of the nation. （他破坏了这个国家的政治生活。）
11. overseas adv. 在海外，在国外 adj. 海外的，国外的
He said he would travel overseas if he had a long holiday.（他说如果有长假，他就去国外旅游。）
These companies are investing large sums overseas.（这些公司正向海外进行高额投资。）
The overseas Chinese donated medicine and clothes to the flooded area.
（海外华人向受灾地区捐赠药品和服装。）
There is a vast overseas market for our goods.（我们的产品有广阔的海外市场。）
There was a widespread belief that she committed suicide.（人们普遍认为她是自杀的。）
Industrial robots will be in widespread use.（工业机器人将会广泛使用。）
Pollution problem is now attracting widespread attention.（污染问题正引起广泛关注。）
13. digestive adj. 消化的，有消化力的
digest v. 消化；领会
digestion n. 消化；领悟
indigestible adj. 难理解的；难消化的
The doctor told him there might be something wrong with his digestive system.
（医生对他说他的消化系统可能有问题。）
It will be very helpful for you to digest the important points in the book.
（领会这本书中的要点将会对你很有帮助。）
Every day they gave the old man food that was easy of digestion.（他们每天给老人易于消化的食物。）
The steak was tough and indigestible.（这牛排太老，不易消化。）
14. foundation n. 根据；基金会；基地
The early training gave her a very firm foundation.（早期的训练给她打下了坚实的基础。）
In fact the rumor is without foundation.（事实上，这个谣传没有根据。）
This conference is sponsored by the National Foundation for Educational Research.
（这个会议是由全国教育研究基金会主办的。）
The construction workers are laying the foundations for a 28-story building.
（建筑工人们正在为一座28层的高楼打地基。）
15. belief n. 相信；信念
believe v. 相信；认为
It is his belief that he will succeed sooner or later.（他相信他迟早会成功。）
What he told me just now is really beyond my belief.（他刚才对我说的话令我难以置信。）
I believe we will win the match.（我相信我们会赢这场比赛。）
Believe it or not he got a full mark in the exam.（信不信由你，他考试得了满分。）
16. combination n. 结合，联合；化合物
combine v. 结合，联合
The color purple is a combination of red and blue.（紫色是由红蓝两色混合而成。）
The football players showed good combination.（足球队员们配合默契。）
It will do us a lot of good if we can combine theory with practice.
（如果把理论和实际结合起来将对我们大有好处。）
He very well combines the characters of soldier and poet.（他把军人和诗人的性格很好地融合在一起。）
17.chiefly adv. 主要地
chief n. 首领；长官 adj. 主要的
This vegetable juice is made up chiefly of tomatoes and cucumbers.
（这种蔬菜汁主要由西红柿和黄瓜制成。）
I will have to go and talk to your department chief about it.（我得和你们部门的头儿好好谈谈。）
I think this will become the chief concern of the world today.
（我认为这将成为当今世界的首要关心的问题。）
the editor in chief 总编 the chief engineer 总工程师
chief executive 最高行政长官 chief justice 首席法官
chief of staff 参谋长 chief of state 国家元首
18. contain v. 包含；容纳；克制
This mini-bus can contain 18 passengers.（这辆面包车可乘坐18人。）
How much water can this water tank contain？（这只水箱能装多少水？）
This book contains the material you need.（这本书里有你需要的材料。）
He cannot contain himself for the joy.（他高兴得不能自制。）
本课主要构词法
affixation 词缀法
1.名词后缀 -ity quality
2.名词后缀 -ation；-ion； combination， civilization， foundation， digestion
3.名词后缀 -ture mixture
4.形容词后缀 -ous poisonous
5.形容词后缀 -ible indigestible
6.形容词后缀 -ful helpful， powerful
7.副词前缀 over- overseas
compounding 合词法
1.复合形容词 widespread； man-eating；
2.复合名词 man-eating； carbohydrate
本课简介
本课主要介绍了由古至今人们对饮食的看法。远古时候，人们认为吃什么补什么。文明社会的人们则一度认为人参的根，鸡蛋，西红柿有各自不同的神奇功用。今天，人们认为鱼有强身，健脑，壮骨，美肤等作用，还认为饮食方面有诸多禁忌。如此种种的说法是否有道理，本课课文会给你一个答案。
本课主要语言点
1. Many primitive people believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
本句中that 引导的是一个宾语从句。宾语从句在前几个单元中我们已有了比较多的了解。掌握宾语从句并不困难。请看下面的句子：
1） You must remember that it is never too old to learn.（你必须记住：活到老学到老。）
2） He says that friendship is very important to him.（他说友谊对他很重要。）
3） Don't forget what your parents said to you.（别忘了父母对你说过的话。）
4） Can you tell me where the bookstore is？（你能告诉我书店在哪儿吗？）
5） I don't know whether the letter is overweight.（我不知道这封信是否超重。）
by 后面跟动词的现在分词表示某人做了某件事，并通过这件事产生了某个结果。请看下面的句子：
1）By bribing a nurse I was able to see some files.（通过贿赂护士我才有可能看到一些卷宗。）
2）They made a living by selling newspapers.（他们通过卖报谋生。）
3）He tried to solve his problem by cheating me.（他通过骗我来解决自己的问题。）
4）We learn to swim by swimming.（我们在游泳中学会游泳。）
2. They thought that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer.
本句中that同样是引导一个宾语从句。在宾语从句中，动名词短语eating deer做主语。请看下面的句子：
1） Chatting on the internet would make him forget everything.（在网上聊天会使他忘记一切。）
2） Putting on air wouldn't do you any good.（摆架子不会对你有什么好处。）
3） Making friends with them is no easy job.（跟他们交朋友不是一件容易的事。）
make sb. do sth.意思是“使某人做某事”。make 后面的复合宾语中动词不定式符号to要省去，但是用被动语态时一定要用to，请看下面的句子：
1） The boss made them work from morning till night.（老板使他们从早到晚地干活。）
2） He made me sit here all the time.（他让我一直坐在这儿。）
3） She was made to finish the book in two days （by her father）。（父亲让她两天把书看完。）
4） I was made to return the money as soon as possible （by my friend）。 （朋友让我尽快还钱。）