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本课主要单词
1. telecommunication n. 电信，远距离通信
请注意这个词的构成，tele-是一个前缀，意思是“远”，“远距离”。用tele-为前缀构成的词很多，如：television（电视）， telegram（电报） ，telegraph（电报机；发电报） ，telephone（电话），telescope（望远镜）等。
The Japanese hope that we can be persuaded to buy their telecommunications equipment.（日本人希望能劝说我们购买他们的电信设备。）
AT&T has been allowed to enter the field of telecommunications in Shanghai.（在上海，AT&T公司已获准进入电信领域。）
2. via prep. 经由，经过，通过
He went to Shanghai via Wuxi.（他经由无锡去上海。）
He booked a ticket to Washington via New York.（他预定了一张经由纽约去华盛顿的票。）
They transmitted television pictures via satellite all over the world.（他们通过卫星把电视画面传送到世界各地。）
3. transmit v. 播送，发射，传送，传递
Glass transmits light and water transmits sound.（玻璃能透光，水会传声。）
The TV program was transmitted by satellite throughout the world.（电视节目被卫星播送到世界各地。）
They were reluctant to transmit the information to the control center.（他们不愿意把信息传送到控制中心去。）
4. photography n. 摄影，照相；摄影术
photo是一个词根，表示“光；光电；照相术”；graph表示“记录”。以photo为词根的词还有：photochemistry（光化学），photocopy（影印），photoelectric（光电的），photograph（照片），photographer（摄影师），photosensitive（感光的）等等。以graph为词根的词有：autograph（亲笔），biography（传记），calligraphy（书法），geography（地理学），telegraph（电报）等等。
5. telegraph n. 电报机；电报 v.用电报发送；发电报
我们刚刚讲到过tele是一个前缀，表示“远，远距离”，graph是一个词根，表示“写，记录。”
She told him the news by telegraph.（她用电报把消息告诉了他。）
I telegraphed him the result last week.（上个星期，我把结果告诉他了。）
6. establish v. 建立，创办；使确认
He decided to leave school and establish his own company.（他决定离开学校，创办自己的公司。）
They have established diplomatic relations with that country.（他们已经同那个国家建立了外交关系。）
It is important for businessmen to establish credit.（对于商人来说，建立信誉十分重要。）
It is strange that they haven't established the cause of death so far.（很奇怪，他们至今还没有确定死因。）
There is no way to establish the identity of the man.（没有办法确认那个人的身份。）
7. signal n. 信号；暗号
v. 向…发信号
He didn't notice the traffic signals when he rode on the street.（他在街上骑车时，没有注意到交通信号。）
He sat in the room and waited for the signal to speak.（他坐在房间里，等候着让他说话的信号。）
The ship signaled its position hourly.（该船每小时用信号报告它的位置。）
He signaled me to enter the classroom.（他做手势叫我进教室。）
8. visual adj. 视觉的；栩栩如生的
vision n. 视力，视觉；想像力；幻想
visualize v. 设想，想像
Are you sure it is not your visual illusion？（你能肯定这不是你的视错觉吗？）
His stories are very visual.（他的故事写得很生动。）
If you don't tell me anything， it is difficult for me to visualize the scene.（如果你什么也不告诉我，要想像这个景象很困难。）
9. capable adj. 有能力的，有才能的
capability n. 能力
I always thought mother was very capable.（我一直认为妈妈很能干。）
With the knowledge and experience， we are capable of overcoming the difficulties.（有了这些知识和经验，我们能克服困难。）
Don't say anything capable of being misunderstood.（别说任何容易引起误解的话。）
They don't have the capability of solving practical problems.（他们没有解决实际问题的能力。）
Some jobs are beyond their capabilities.（有些工作超出了他们的能力。）
10. broadcast v； n. 广播，播音
broadcaster n. 播音员
broadcasting n. 广播，播音
broadcast可以做规则动词用（-ed），也可以做不规则动词用。（过去时，过去分词与动词原形一致。）
The news was broadcast to the whole country.（这一消息对全国广播了。）
Did you watch the evening broadcast of world news yesterday？（你昨天有没有看晚上播送的国际新闻？）
He works with the Central People's Broadcasting Station.（他在中央人民广播电台工作。）
He suggested all television broadcasting should be prohibited.（他建议禁止播放所有的电视节目。）
His wife is a famous television broadcaster.（他妻子是著名的电视播音员。）
11.access n. 通道，入口；接近（进入）的机会
The door gives access to a living room. （从这个门可以进入起居室。）
I cannot find the access to this building. （我找不到进入这座大楼的通道。）
I demanded access to a telephone. （我要求有权使用电话。）
You can easily get access to him. （你很容易接近他。）
People in that mountain area had no access to education. （那个山区的人们过去没有受教育的机会。）
access 也可以做动词用，意思是“取，利用”，如：
The main problem was that they spent too much time accessing the information from the computer. （主要的问题是他们从计算机上存取信息花了太多的时间。）
12. unlimited adj. 无界限的；无限制的；无数的
limited adj. 有限的
limit n. 界限；限度
v. 限制
He longed for unlimited power. （他渴望有无限的权利。）
They stored unlimited amount of food when they heard there might be an earthquake. （他们听说有可能地震贮备了大量的食品。）
Time is too limited， we have to finish this work in a hurry. （时间太紧，我们得匆匆完成这项工作了。）
You have to realize we have limited sources of information. （你得意识到我们的消息来源很有限。）
The driver was fined for exceeding the speed limit. （司机由于超速被罚款。）
There is a limit to one's life， but no limit to serving the people. （人的生命是有限的，但为人民服务是无限的。）
We have to limit the expenses as much as possible. （我们必须尽量节省开支。）
The author will limit himself to a discussion of the first two chapters. （作者只准备讨论前两章的内容。）
13.demonstrate v. 说明，演示；论证，证实；示威游行
demonstration n. 论证；表演；示范；示威
The chemistry teacher demonstrated a very interesting experiment to the students. （化学老师给学生们演示了一个有趣的实验。）
How would you demonstrate that the earth goes around the sun？ （你如何证明地球围绕太阳转？）
The workers demonstrated for pay increases. （工人们示威要求加薪。）
Would you please give us a demonstration？ （你能给我们演示一下吗？）
His speech was a demonstration of his patriotism.（他的演讲是他一片爱国心的证明。）
Tomorrow they will go to the street to stage a demonstration. （明天，他们将上街示威。）
education n. 教育
educate v. 教育
There are many educational programs on TV. （电视播放很多教育节目。）
He received a good education when he was young. （他年轻时受过良好的教育。）
The education of young people is important to the future of a country. （年轻人的教育对于一个国家的未来来说十分重要。）
He was educated in the United States. （他是在美国受的教育。）
15. remote adj. 遥远的，偏僻的；（可能性）很小的
People came to Beijing from the remotest parts of our country. （人们从祖国最偏远的地方来到北京。）
He decided to go to a remote mountain area after graduation from the university. （他决定大学毕业后到偏僻的山区去。）
Can you imagine what will become the world in the remote future？ （你能想像在遥远的将来世界会变成什么样吗？）
There is only a remote possibility to finish it in two days. （在两天内完成的可能性极小。）
Please give me the remote control. （请把遥控器给我。）
16. isolate v. 使隔离
isolation n. 隔离，孤立
He isolated himself from the outside world. （他把自己与外部世界隔绝了。）
The bridge sank and the village was isolated. （桥沉了，那个村子被隔绝了。）
He doesn't trust anyone and he lives in isolation. （他不信任任何人，过着孤独的生活。）
17. transportation n. 运输
Bike is a convenient means of transportation. （自行车是很方便的运输物品。）
They used both water and land transportation to send their goods. （他们用水陆两路运输工具。）
18. instruction n. 教学，指导；指示，说明
instruct v. 命令、指示
Read the doctor's instruction before taking the medicine. （服药前请看一看医嘱。）
We will carry out your instructions very soon. （我们将很快执行你的指示。）
He is giving instruction in English. （他在讲授英语。）
The teacher instructed her to do more oral practice. （老师指导她多做口头训练。）
I was instructed to take you to Beijing. （我受命带你去北京。）
19. risk v. 冒…的危险
n. 风险、冒险
He risked his life in saving the drowning child. （他冒着生命危险救那个溺水儿童。）
I don't want to risk my life to find out whether he told the truth. （我不想冒丧命的危险去查证他是否说了真话。）
It must be done at any risk. （不管冒什么危险，这事必须完成。）
He is unwilling to run the risk of losing his money. （他不愿意冒丧失金钱的危险。）
20. privacy n. 私事；隐私；独处
private adj. 私人的
A person should have some privacy. （一个人应有自己的隐私。）
She likes to live in privacy. （她喜欢清静地独居。）
They are having a private conversation. （他们在密谈。）
This is only my private opinion. （这只是我的个人意见。）
21. contact n. 接触，联系
v. 与…接触
They have lost contact for many years. （他们失去联系已有多年了。）
We have to get into contact with him as soon as possible. （我们得尽快跟他取得联系。）
Contact me by telephone. （跟我电话联系。）
He contacted the control tower by radio. （他用无线电与指挥塔取得了联系。）
22. application n. 申请；应用
apply v. 申请；实施
Please fill in the application form. （请填申请表。）
The company rejected his application. （公司拒绝了他的申请。）
It is important to put the theory into application. （把理论应用起来很重要。）
He applied for party membership. （他申请入党了。）
We are trying to apply book knowledge to real work. （我们正努力把书本知识运用于实际工作中。）
本课主要构词法
conversion （转类法）
orbit （n.）——（v.）
telegraph （n.）——（v.） broadcast （n.）——（v.）
channel （n.）——（v.） risk （n.）——（v.）
contact （n.）——（v.） harm （n.）——（v.）
affixation （词缀法）
1. 名词后缀-ation
application
conversation
transportation
communication
2. 形容词后缀-al
personal
educational
本课主要词组及语法要点
词组：
1. a group of 2. by blood / marriage
3. descend from 4. think of…as
5. mean doing sth. 6. know little about
7. sense of 8. come from
9. consist of 10. the center of
11. from…to 12. move away from
13. in order to 14. care for
15. take care of 16. split up
17. the result of 18. talk of
19. be able to 20. in…age
语法：
1.注意掌握副词放在句首做状语，修饰整个句子的用法，如：
1）Basically， there are two types of families.
2）Traditionally， all the members of an extended family lived in the same area.
2. 掌握连接词的用法，连接词可以用来帮助使前后文更加连贯。
1）The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry.
2）Then they form new nuclear family.
3）The members…are related by blood or by marriage.
4）They are all related， so the members of an extended family are called relatives.
5）However， with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society， many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work.
6）…but most extended families do not live together.
7）Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes.
8）The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children， and the number of…
9）…both the father and the mother earn money for the family…
10）Most single parents find it very difficult to take care of a family alone， so they soon marry again and form remarried families.
以上句子中的画线单词有连词也有副词，在句子中都起连接词的作用。
技术是否也是一把双刃剑，在给人们带来帮助的同时也带来了弊端？本课通过卫星通讯的利弊昭示人们“明智”地运用技术才能使我们走向成功。
卫星、计算机和电视的三结合改变了人们的生活。卫星被用来传送电视节目、电话和印刷材料；卫星被用于远程教育，使边远地区的人们通过“空中教室”接受教育；卫星被用来帮助生活在交通不便的偏僻地区的人们；卫星使世界各地的人们便捷地获取信息。然而侵犯隐私、使人与人之间疏于接触交流等弊端也应引起关注。
本课主要语言点
1.At the beginning of the twentieth century， there were four powerful means of transmitting and receiving information over long distances：…
本句中的beginning 是一个名词，意思是“开始，开端”。如：
1）from beginning to end （从头到尾）
2）He has made a good beginning. （他开了个好头。）
3）I'm afraid I won't have the time to come back at the beginning of the term. （恐怕我不会有时间在开学初回来。）
means在本句中的意思是“方法；工具”，请看例句：
1）The most convenient means of transport for people in the United States are cars.（对美国人来说最便利的交通工具是汽车。）
2）He had no means of escape other than jumping. （除了跳窗，他没有别的逃跑方法。）
3） He succeeded by means of painstaking effort. （他依靠苦干获得了成功。）
by all means 尽一切办法
live within/beyond one's means 量入（不量入）为出
a means to an end 达到目的的方法
by some means or other 用某种方法
2.By the middle of the century， both radio and television had become established means of transmitting sounds and pictures.
句中所用的过去完成时，表示过去某时前已经发生的动作或情况。该动作已经完成，或者可能延续下去。用by引起的时间状语常与过去完成时连用。例如：
1） By the end of last June， they had visited 15 countries. （到去年六月底为止他们已经访问了15个国家。）
2）By the end of last year Henry had collected 1500 butterfly specimens. （到去年年底，亨利已经采集了一千五百多个蝴蝶标本。）
3）By the middle of 1999， more than 10 high buildings had been built in this area. （到1999年年中，这一地区已建造了十座高楼。）
4）By the time they got to the cinema， the film had already begun. （他们赶到电影院时，电影已经开映了。）
established在句中做形容词，意思是“常规的”。这个词还可解释为“（被）设立的；确认的；既定的；公认的”。例如：
1）a newly established organization （新设的组织）
2） the established principles of international law （公认的国际法准则）
3）an established fact （既成事实）
4）an established custom （常规）
3.In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics Via satellite， television signals are first changed into radio waves，which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.
such as的后面既可以跟名词也可以跟从句，意为“诸如…之类的”；“例如”或“像…这样的人或事物”。请看例句：
1）They will plant flowers such as roses， sunflowers， etc. （他们将栽种玫瑰、向日葵一类的花。）
2）Countries such as France， Germany， Japan and America are developed countries. （像法国、德国、日本和美国这类国家是发达国家。）
3）I felt a weight at my heart such as I had never had before. （我心中感到了一种从未有过的沉重情绪。）
4）I don't have many reference books but I will send you such as I have. （我的参考书不多，但我愿把我手头有的那些寄给你。）
which引导的是一个非限定性的定语从句。非限定性定语从句在修饰人时用who， whom或whose， 在修饰物时用which.非限定性定语从句常用逗号与主句分开。例如：
1）The students， who wanted to go outing， were disappointed when it rained. （那些学生想去郊游，天下雨了大家都感到失望。）
2）The team is headed by an American， whose wife is a Chinese. （队长是一个美国人，他的妻子是中国人。）
3）The book， which he borrowed from me yesterday， cost 1/3 of my salary. （他昨天从我这儿借走的那本书花了我三分之一的工资。）
非限定性定语从句也可用关系副词where或when来引导。非限定性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是前面主句中的一个短语、从句或前面整个句子，通常用关系代词which引导。例如：
1）The small town， where he once worked， has turned to be a modern city. （那座小城，他曾在那儿工作过，已变成一座现代化的城市了。）
2）We will put off the outing until next week， when we won't be so busy. （我们把郊游推迟至下周，那时我们不会这么忙了。）
3）They turned a deaf ear to our demands， which made all of us angry. （他们对我们的要求置之不理，这使我们大家都很生气。）
4.In theory， every person will have access to an unlimited amount of information.
in theory意为“从理论上来说；在理论上”，与其意思相反的词组是in practice （在实践中；实际上）。例如：
1）Your plan is good in theory， but does it work in practice？ （你的计划在理论上是不错的，但实行起来能行吗？）
2）His proposal worked well in practice. （他的建议很行得通。）
have access to是一个很常用的词组，意为“可接近，可进入”，to是介词，动词have也可用其他词替换。如get，gain，give，win等。在词汇部分，对access已做过讲解，在此仅举例一、二。
1）The only access to that building is blocked. （进入那座楼的唯一通道被堵住了。）
2）Students need easy access to books. （学生需要很容易地接触到图书。）
2）You can easily get access to the humorous old man.（你很容易接近那个幽默的老人。）
information是一个不可数名词，后面不可以加s，许多信息可以用a lot of information， a large amount of information， much information等表达。一条信息可以表达为a piece of information.
amount通常用在不可数名词前面，如the amount of money； a considerable amount of prejudice （相当大的偏见）。在复数名词前面可用number，如the number of mistakes； the number of students
5.The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas where transportation is difficult.
how引导的是一个宾语从句。我们很熟悉的是that引导的宾语从句，而且that常常可以省略。如：We must remember （that） things are easier said than done. （我们必须记住事情都是说起来容易，做起来难。）
用连接代词或副词引导的宾语从句我们也应弄清楚。请看下面的句子：
1） He didn't tell me where the shopping center was.（他没有告诉我购物中心在哪里。）
2）Do you know what they were talking about？（你知道他们刚才在谈论什么吗？）
3）Let's see how we can solve the problem. （我们看看怎么来解决这个问题。）
4）I'm wondering if the letter is overweight.（我想知道这封信是不是超重。）
5）We must find out who did this. （我们必须弄清楚这是谁干的。）
provide是一个常用单词，通常可以有如下用法：provide sth. to/for sb.； provide sb. with sth.； provide sb. sth.；provide that…，在前一个单元中，我们已对provide一词有过讲解，再请看几个例子：
1）It is impossible for the government to provide all young people with a job. （政府不可能给所有的年轻人都提供一份工作。）
2）Can you provide 5 buses for/to the tourists？ （你们能为游客们提供五辆巴士吗？）
3）The agreement provides that the two sides shall meet once a month. （协议规定双方每月会晤一次。）
6.He was then able to follow the doctor's instructions on how to care for the patient.
句子中的on意思为“关于；有关”，可用about替换。例如：
1）He wrote a book on India. （他写了一本有关印度的书。）
2）He gave us a report on the international economy. （他给我们做了关于国际经济的报告。）
3）They exchanged views on questions of common concern. （他们就共同关心的问题交换了意见。）
care of 在句子中的意思是“照顾”，可用attend； look after替换。例如：
1）The whole society should care for the younger generation. （全社会都应该关怀年轻的一代。）
2）You can't really find out how to care for children from books. （你从书本上不可能真正找到照顾孩子的方法。）
care for 还可以解释为“担心”，“介意”，“愿意”，可用about替换for.
1）He doesn't care about/for his clothes. （他不讲究衣着。）
2）The old lady cared much for her daughter's safety. （老太太非常为女儿的安全担心。
3）Would you care for a cup of tea？ （来杯茶，好吗？）
4）I don't care for him to read the letter. （我不愿意让他看这封信。）
在本句中做副词用，意思相当于but.但是however和but在用法上是有差异的。however不放在句首或句末时，前后通常都加逗号，而but则不用。请看例句：
1）It is not，however， the only answer to the question. （然而，这不是问题的唯一答案。）
2）I'd like to go and see the films，however，I don't have the time. （我很想去看电影，但我没时间。）
3）However，we still have 10minutes left. （不过，我们还有十分钟。）
4）The composition is well written， there is room for improvement， however.
5）I am sorry，but I won't be able to come this time. （很报歉，我这次不能来了。）
6）He would like to go， but he was busy. （他想去，但他太忙。）
7）It's not cheap， but it's really good. （这个不便宜，但的确很好。）
8. Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily， but some people worry that this may be a risk to our privacy.
available是一个形容词，意思是“可得到的；可用的；有效的”。
1）I am sorry those shoes are not available in your size. （很报歉，那些鞋没你的尺码。）
2）If I am not available when you call， leave a message. （你打电话来时如果我不在，请留个言。）
3）If the tickets is available， I will go to the concert. （如果能弄到票，我会去听音乐会。）
4）The ticket is available on the day of issue only. （此票仅发售当天有效。）
9.We can prevent this from happening by carefully controlling the new technology.
prevent…from…意思为“阻止…发生”，也可用stop…from…或keep…from.From可被省去。例如：
1）They tried every means to prevent the disease （from） spreading. （他们想方设法阻止疾病曼延。）
2）Nothing can prevent him （from） going there.（什么也阻止不了他去那儿。）
本课主要词组及语法要点
词组：
1. at the beginning of 2.means of
3. over long distance 4. by the middle of
5. such as 6. change into
7. from…to… 8. be capable of
9. not only…but… 10.in theory
11. have access to 12.amount of
13. provide…to… 14.follow sb's instructions
15. care for 16. as well as
17. at the same time 18. make…available
19. pay for 20.isolate…from…
语法：
1.过去完成时
1）…both radio and television had be come established means of transmitting sounds and pictures.
2. 非限定性定语从句
1）…radio waves， which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.
2）…back to earth， where another station picks them up and changes them back into television signals.
3）The combination of satellites，which transmit information，computers，which store information，and television，which displays information，will change every home into an education and entertainment center.
2. 宾语从句
1）We must remember that technology alone is not the answer.
2）The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas…。
3. 注意such as，as well as，as的用法
1）In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite， …
2）…printed materials such as books and magazines.
3）…as well as get any information they need， …
4）As one telecommunication expert days， …
Text B What People Don't Know about Air
短语表达
1. without
We couldn't have finished the work so soon without your help.
Without air，there would be no wind or clouds.
2. adv. + past participle
It is widely known that the earth goes around the sun.
It is generally believed that the earth is getting hotter.
3. where
Where there is a will，there is a way.
Where there is hope，there is life.
4. be forced to
He was forced to drop out of school.
They were forced to work 14 hours a day.
5. shelter v.& n.
Mother tried to shelter her from the blow of the tragic news.
You have to find shelter from the blazing sun.
6. protect from
It is necessary that we protect our skin from being burned by the sun.
She had his umbrella to protect her from the sun.
7. deadly adj.
They made a deadly attack on the enemy's air base.
A drop of this poison might be deadly to man.
8. burst
As he braked a tire burst.
All the boys burst from their tents.
Everybody in the room burst out laughing.
The little girl burst into tears.
9. rest upon
His arm rested upon the table.
The task rested upon my shoulder.
His eyes rested upon a strange object.
10. gaze at
He was standing at the window， gazing at the street.
What are you gazing at？
11. not…until
He didn't go out to play until he finished his homework.
No one was to go to bed until further order.
12. in the meantime
His case won't come to court for several months， and in the meantime more than half of the people think him guilty.
At last we were released. In the meantime， our friend had informed the newspaper.
13. pay attention to
Please pay more attention to your spelling next time.
I didn't pay much attention to what he said yesterday.
14. add to
If you praise others more often， you can add great happiness to their life.
What he said just now added to my confusion.
本课主要单词
1. learned adj. 有学问的，博学的；学术上的
这个单词做形容词用时有两种读音，意思是“有学问的，博学的；学术上的”；意思是“经过训练学到的”。
a learned man （学者） a learned discussion （学术讨论）
a learned doctor （医道高明的医生） a learned journal （学术刊物）
a learned response 后天的反应（指非天生的）
He was learned in the ways of the words. （他深通人情世故。）
2. cultivated adj. 耕种的；栽培的；有修养的
cultivate v. 耕种；种植；培养；陶冶；建立；教化
cultivation n 耕种；栽培；培养；修养。
1）The farmer was busy cultivating the land when I found him. （我找到那位农民时，他正忙着耕地。）
2）His father cultivated a farm of 80 acres. （他父亲耕种一个80英亩地的农场。）
3）Extensive reading can cultivate your mind. （广泛阅读能陶冶你的心性。）
4）He tried hard to cultivate good relations with his colleagues. （他努力与同事们建立良好关系。）
5）He is a very cultivated young man. （他是一个非常有教养的年轻人。）
6）Her cultivated voice was pleasing to the audience. （她文雅的说话嗓音很悦耳。）
7）He just can't understand why they allowed the land to go out of cultivation.
（他就是不理解他们为什么任土地荒芜。）
8）The cultivation of good manners will be very helpful to his future.
（礼貌习惯的养成对他的未来将有很大的帮助。）
9）He is a man of charm and cultivation. （他既有魅力又有教养。）
3.concern n. 关心；关系；关联 v.涉及，有关于；使关心，使挂念
1） This matter is no concern of yours. （这件事跟你毫无关系。）
2） I don't think it is my concern， go and ask the manager， please. （这事跟我没关系，请去问经理。）
3） We felt concern for （或over） your health. （我们为你的健康担心。）
4） He is said to have been concerned in the crime. （据说他与这起犯罪事件有关。）
5） The energy problem concerns us all. （能源问题关系到我们每个人。）
6） The baby's poor health concerned his parents. （孩子身体不好使父母担忧。）
concern oneself in sth…… 关心
concern oneself with （about， over， in） 忙于
concern oneself about （for） 担忧
have no concern with 与…无关
to whom it may concern （用作正式信件的开头）敬启者
concerned adj. 担忧的，不安的；有关联的；关心的
1） We are concerned about （at， over） world peace. （我们关心世界和平。）
2） He spoke to the people concerned. （他对有关的人讲了话。）
3） We are not concerned with who is right or wrong. （我们对谁是谁非不感兴趣。）
4） As far as ability is concerned， he is the best candidate. （就能力而言，他是最佳人选。）
concerning prep. 关于
1）This is a proposal concerning child health. （这是一项关于儿童健康的建议。）
2）Please inform me concerning this matter. （请把关于这件事的情况告诉我。）
4.possession n. 所有，拥有
possess v. 拥有；具有；掌握；耐住（性子）
1）The possession of a degree does not guarantee you a job. （有学位不一定保证能找到工作。）
2）When his father died， he came into possession of a large ranch. （他父亲去世后，他继承了一个大牧场。）
3）He was a poor man with few possessions. （他是个没有什么财产的穷人。）
4）The old house is now in his possession. （这所老房子现在归他所有。）
5） The old lady is in possession of some gold coins. （那位老太太拥有一些金币。）
6） How much money does he possess？ （他有多少钱？）
7） He told us that he possessed a little French. （他对我们说他懂一点法语。）
8） He possessed his temper despite the insult. （尽管受到了侮辱，他还是按捺住怒气。）
5.occasion n. 时刻；场合；时机
occasional adj. 偶尔的，偶然的
occasionally adv. 偶然地
1） We've met each other on more than one occasion. （我们已经不止一次地见过。）
2） He wanted to give people a good impression on this special occasion.
（他想在这个特别的场合给人们留下好印象。）
3）The weather was good except for an occasional shower. （除了偶尔有阵雨外，天气很好。）
4）They go into town occasionally. （他们偶尔进城。）
6.acquaintance n. 相识；了解；熟人
acquaint v. 使认识；了解
1）I had some acquaintance with this subject. （对这一课题我曾有所了解。）
2）He has many acquaintances. （他交游甚广。）
3）It's necessary to acquaint Western readers with recent happenings in China.
（向西方读者介绍中国最近的动态很有必要。）
4）She decided to acquaint herself with every aspect of the question.
（她决定使自己对这个问题的每一个方面都了如指掌。）
5）We were acquainted with each year several years ago. （我们几年前就相互认识了。）
7.formal adj. 正式的；形式的；礼仪上的
informal adj. 非正式的；不拘礼节的
formally adv. 正式地
1） They wrote a formal letter of thanks. （他们写了一封正式的感谢信。）
2） He received formal training in music when he was only 6. （他六岁时就接受了正规的音乐训练。）
3）It's not appropriate to wear informal clothes on formal occasions. （在正式场合穿便装不合适。）
4）Discussions were formally opened in David Camp last week. （讨论上周在戴维营正式开始。）
8.elevated adj. 提高的；高贵的，庄严的
elevate v. 提高；提升
elevation n. 高度；提升；崇高
elevator n. 起重工人；电梯
1）She considers herself too elevated to eat in a fast-food restaurant. （她自视过高，不愿在快餐店用餐。）
2）He spoke in an elevated tone. （他用庄严的语气讲着。）
3）He was elevated to a higher rank. （他晋了级。）
4）They worked hard to elevate the living standards. （他们努力工作以提高生活水平。）
5）He was overjoyed at his elevation to the position of general manager. （他因晋升为总经理而欣喜万分。）
6）They are flying at an elevation of 8000 feet. （他们正在8000英尺高空飞行。）
7）You can take an elevator to the 18th floor. （你可以乘电梯去十八楼。）
9.style n. 风格；文体；式样
1） They sell hats in all sizes and styles. （他们出售各种式样和尺寸的帽子。）
2） He changed his style of painting when he returned from Paris. （他从巴黎回来后就改变了画风。）
3） Sincerity and simplicity are his style. （真挚和简练是他的文体。）
come into style （开始流行）
be in style （在流行中）
be out of style （不再流行）
1）He thought the more time he spent on his lessons， the better performance he would make. But now he realizes it is not the case. （他原以为花在功课上的时间越多，成绩就越好，现在他认识到情况并非如此。）
2）If that's the case you'll have to work harder. （如果真是那样，你得更加努力。）
3）Don't worry too much about it， it is a light case of flu. （别担心，只是轻度流感。）
4）The police are studying the murder case. （警察正在研究这起谋杀案。）
a case in point （恰当的例子）
a case of honor （荣誉攸关的问题）
a civil （criminal） case （民事/刑事诉讼）
a case of life and death （生死攸关的事情）
a hard case （棘手的事情）
in any case （无论如何）
in case （假使；以防）
in the case of （就…来说）
just in case （以防万一）
11.popularity n. 普及，流行；名望，受欢迎
popular adj. 普遍的；多数人喜爱的；大众的
1）He was amazed at the popularity of table-tennis when he first came to China.
（他第一次来中国时惊异于乒乓球运动的普及。）
2）The new president achieved great popularity. （新任总统深得人心。）
3）Books on popular science are selling well. （科普书籍销得很好。）
4）He is popular among young students. （他深受青年学生的欢迎。）
12.classification n. 分类；分级
classify v. 把…分类
1）There are different opinions about the classification of a particular word.
（对某一特定的词的分类有不同的看法。）
2）They classified the books according to their contents. （他们根据内容把图书分了类。）
在英语中有不少以-fy为后缀的动词，其名词形式常以-ation为后缀，如：
purify-purification
qualify-qualification
simplify-simplification
identify-identification
13.convenient adj. 方便的
inconvenient adj. 不方便的
convenience n. 方便
1）If it is convenient for you， please inform me of the case as soon as possible.
（如果于你方便的话，请把案情尽早告诉我。）
2）Your visit caused him great inconvenience. （你的来访给他带来极大的不便。）
3）I appreciate the convenience of living near the office. （我喜欢住处离办公室近这点方便。）
14.avoid v. 避免，避开
1）You should avoid being late for the meeting. （ 你应该避免开会迟到。）
2）We should avoid making the same mistake. （我们应该避免犯同样的错误。）
15.presence n. 出席，到场
present adj. 出席的；当前的
n. 礼物
v. 呈献；送
1） We shall be greatly honored to have your presence. （你如能出席，我们将荣幸之至。）
2） He felt shy to speak in the presence of a large audience. （在众多人前讲话他感到难为情。）
3） All the students are present today. （今天，所有的学生都到堂了。）
4） He is talking about the present situation. （他正在谈当前的形势。）
5） He's father gave him a lovely birthday present. （父亲给了他一个可爱的生日礼物。）
6） He presented his teacher with a book he wrote. （他送给老师一本自己写的书。）
本课主要词缀
Affixation （词缀法）
1.形容词后缀-ed （多接于名词之后，表示“具有…”，“充满…”的意思）
learned， cultivated， educated， elevated
2. 名词后缀-ion，-ation
possession， classification， misconception， cultivation
3. 名词后缀-ance
acquaintance， importance
本课简介
在learned words and popular words这篇课文中，作者对学术词汇和普通词汇进行了定义。讲述了两类词汇之间的差异，并且指出把词分为学术的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人们必须注意，把普通词汇理解为属于大众所有的词，而不是某个特定阶层的人们所拥有的东西。学术词汇也并非有学问之人专用，只是它的存在是由于书籍和文学的培养而不是日常会话的实际需要。
1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary.
class在本句中的意思是“种类”，相当于type， category.如：
1）It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.
（要满足各种读者的需要十分困难）
2）How many classes are you going to divide these books？ （你打算把这些书分成几类？）
class 还常用来表示“等级”，如：a second-class hotel （二等旅馆）；
an economy-class ticket （经济舱票）；fly first class （乘头等舱航空旅行）。
class 也可以用动词用，意思是“把 …分类；把…看作”，如：
1）At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.（到了十九岁，你仍旧是青少年。）
2）He was classed as a genius （他被看作为天才）
make up 在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”，请看例句：
1）Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class （二十六名男生和二十四名女生组成了这个班）
2）Twelve doctors made up the medical team （十二名医生组成医疗队）
用被动语态时则应用be made up of，如：
This engine is made up of 490 parts （这台发动机是由四百九十个部件装配而成的）
taken together 过去分词短语做后置定语，对中心词做一些附加说明，相当于一个非限定性定语从句，要用逗号和中心词隔开，如：
All the letters in the drawer， written in pencil， are from my brother.（抽屉里的这些用铅笔写的信都是我弟弟写的。）
2. First，there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation，which we learn，that is to say，from the members of our own family and from our friends，and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.
句子中which引导的都是定语从句，修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with，这儿的with是familiar with中的介词前置了。Familiar with 意为“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there？（站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗？）
请注意familiar with 与familiar to 的区别，familiar with 的主语通常是人，而familiar to的主语通常是物。如：
1）I am not familiar with this place.
2）This place is mot familiar to me.
that is to say 是插入语，其作用是对整个一句话进行解释，类似的插入语还有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等，如：
1）I'd really rather not go， if you don't mind 我确实不想去，你如果不介意的话。
2）The new emperor was， so to speak， a puppet.新皇帝可以说是个傀儡。
3.They concern the common things of life， and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及，有关于”，如：
1）Don't interfere in things that don't concern you （别干预跟你无关的事）。
2）The energy problem concerns us all （能源问题关系到我们每个人）
stock的意思很多，如“存货”，“股票”，“公债券”，“牲畜”等。
1）They hold a rich stock of information （他们掌握着丰富的材料）
2）You cannot buy it because it's out of stock （你买不成了，货品已经脱销）
3）He used to have a stock farm （他曾经拥有一个畜牧场）
4）The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.（冰箱里周到地放满了食品）
stock in trade 也可以写成stock in trade，意思是“例行工作”，“常规”，如：
1）Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job （机场经理的工作就是常常面对投诉）
2）He was the master of black humor， it was his stock in trade （他是黑色幽默大师，黑色幽默是他的专长）
4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.
since 在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句，请看例句：
1）Since it was Saturday， he got up very late （因为是周六，他起床很晚。）
2）You can take the place of him since he is not interested （你可以取代他，因为他对这事不感兴趣）
at large 在本句中的意思是“整个”，这个词组的意思还有很多，请看下面的句子：
1）The people at large love peace （大多数人热爱和平）
2）The virus is still at large （这种病毒还在蔓延）
3）The murderer is still at large （杀人犯仍逍遥法外）
4）He talked at large about his plans （他详尽地谈了自己的计划）
5）They made the arrangements at large （他们随意地做了安排 ）
5. 请注意区别与possession 有关的两个词组：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb.
1）He is in possession of this house （他拥有这所房子）
2）The house is in the possession of him
3）On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.
英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语，阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力，写作中注意用这些词，有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。On the other hand 在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气，在前一段中讲了popular word 这一段中作者则要讲讲learned words. 表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。
前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用，而amount可与不可数名词连用，如：
1）A large number of students have passed the exam （许多学生已经通过了考试）
2）They paid a large amount of money for the house （他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子）
6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home
occasion 通常可以做可数名词用，意思是“时刻、场合”；也可以做不可数名词用，意思是：“必要性、需要；机会”。如：
1）They're met on several occasions （他们已相遇过好几次）
2）They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。（有时候你会觉得说“再见”很难。）
3）I don't remember I had occasion to blame him （我不记得我有责备他的必要）
7.In the latter，we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning
在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .对两件事分别进行表述时，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 这一类词，条理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 来表述。derivation 是derive 的名词形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁语词源的词”，请看例句：
1）These words are derived from Latin （这些词由拉丁语派生而来）
2）The derivation of words is interesting （词的派生很有意思）
8. The terms “popular”and“learned”，as applied to words，are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”，如：
1）I don't know how to put this term into Chinese （我不知道如何把这一术语译成中文）
2）Writer is hardly the term to apply to him （“作家”这一名称很难用在他身上）
term 还有“期限；任期；学期”的意思，如：
1）During his 4-year term of office，he did a lot of things for the common people.
（在他四年的任职期间，他为普通百姓做了不少事。）
2）He decided to rum for a second term （他决定竞选连任。）
3）The autumn term is coming to an end （秋学期快要结束了。）
apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如：
1）This rule applies to upper class students only （这条规则只适用于高年级学生。）
2）I don't think what he says applies to you （我想他的话对你不适用）
3）They are eager to apply the theory to practice （他们急切地想把这一理论用于实践）
apply for 则是“申请”的意思，如：
1）How many people have applied for the job？（有多少人申请了这个工作？）
2）They applied for permission to use the tennis court （他们申请使用网球场。）
1）He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.
（做了正确的决定，他感到很高兴。）
2）He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement
（他被权力冲昏了头脑，无法做出任何明智的判断）
请看下面几个句子，注意sound 在句中的意思：
1）He is sound in body and mind （他身心健康）
2）The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it （这所房了完好无损，别犹豫，买下它）
3）The baby is having a sound sleep.（宝宝在酣睡）
4）Father gave him a sound beating.（父亲给他一顿痛打）
10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people
not （that）…。but （that）。意思“不是…。而是。”如：
1）I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .
（我又来这儿，不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色，而是我爱这儿的人们。）
2）By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.
（叫他夏洛克，我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克，而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。）
due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如：
1）His failure was due to carelessness （他的失败是由于粗心。）
2）Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.（由于缺少资金，他们不得不推迟计划）
rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“与其……不如…”
1） He is a writer than a teacher （与其说他是教师，不如说他是作家。）
2）He lay rather than sit in the armchair （与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。）
本课主要词组
1.make up
2.be familiar with
3.learn from
4.belong to
5.at large
6.on the other hand
7.be knows to
8.acquaintance with
9.in a style
10. be of importance
11. in the first case
12. in the latter （case）
13. in print
14. apply to
15. come up
16. as to
17. as a whole
18. due to
19. rather than
Text B how should you build up your vocabulary？
短语表达
1. build up （建立；增强；增加）
They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries.
Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health.
2. come across （穿过，出现；遇到）
They came across the street to meet me.
A good idea came across my mind
We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them.
3. look up （查阅）
If there are words you don't understand， look them up in the dictionary .
For further information about this matter， look up this book.
4. at top speed （以最高速度）
He drove his car at top speed
It's dangerous to corner at top speed
5. depend on （依靠；取决于）
We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem.
The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem.
6. make sense （有意义、讲得通）
What he said just now didn't make any sense to me.
This sentence doesn't make any sense.
7. try doing sth（尝试做某事）
You can try using another method to go it
He tried climbing the mountain without any help.
8. come up with （提出，想出；提供）
He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem.
The TV network will come up with better shows in the future.
9. lead to（导致）
Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life.
10. after all （毕竟）
Don't expect too much of him， he is， after all， a child of 10.
We didn't finish all the work. After all， we didn't have enough hands
11. provide with （提供）
It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment
We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils
12. begin with （以……开始）
The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter .
To begin with， we ought to know what we are here for.
本课主要单词
1.attitude n. 姿势，姿态；态度，看法
1）The plane was in a nose-down attitude. （飞机处于俯冲姿态。）
2）They decided to take an attitude of wait and see to/toward the new policy. （他们决定对新政策采取观望态度。）
3）We should adopt a correct attitude about tests. （对考试我们应抱正确的态度。）
2.environment n. 环境，周围状况，自然环境
1）A child can easily adjust to changes in the environment. （孩子很容易适应环境的变化。）
2）They promised to provide us a good environment for work and rest.
（他们许诺为我们提供良好的工作或休息环境。）
3）Science offers us total mastery over environment and over our destiny.
（科学赋予我们控制环境掌握命运的能力。）
4）He grew up in an environment of poverty. （他在贫穷的环境中长大。）
environmental adj. 环境的
environmental protection 环境保护
environmental pollution 环境污染
environmental biology 环境生物学，生态学
environmental engineer 环境工程师
3.curiosity n. 好奇（心） curious adj. 好奇的；离奇古怪的
1）He walked to the silent old man out of curiosity. （出于好奇，他向那位沉默寡言的老人走去。）
2）She showed great curiosity about my past. （她对我的过去显示出莫大的好奇。）
3）Children are curious about everything. （儿童对什么都感到好奇。）
4）Not long after they left， a curious thing happened. （他们走后不久，一件古怪的事情发生了。）
4.imagination n. 想像，想像力；幻觉；应变能力 imagine v. 想像；料想
1）He is a writer of rich imagination. （他是一个富有想像力的作家。）
2）No one moved in the bushes， it was only your imagination. （没人在树丛里走动，只是你的幻觉而已。）
3）Due to his lack of imagination， he just didn't know what to do next.
（由于缺少应变能力，他不知道下一步该怎么办。）
4）It is hard to imagine life with electricity. （很难想像没有电，生活会是怎样。）
5）I imagine he will come tomorrow. （我料想他明天会来。）
请注意区别下面三个形容词imaginative，imaginary，imaginable
1）It is an imaginative tale. （这是个虚构的故事。）
2）The teacher is waiting for imaginative answer. （老师正等待着具有丰富想像力的回答。）
3）The equator is an imaginary circle around the earth. （赤道即假想的环绕地球的大圆。）
4）an imaginary enemy （假想敌）
5）They said they would save the patient by every means imaginable.
（他们说他们会用尽一切想得出的方法抢救病人。）
（imaginable 常与最高级形容词或all，every，only等连用，放在被修饰的名词的后面。）
5.apart adv. 分离，分开
1）The two schools are 20 miles apart. （两校相距20英里。）
2）I cannot tell these two things apart. （我无从区分这两件东西。）
3）Apart from what he mentioned just now， there are some other causes for the failure.
（除了他刚才提到的，还有一些其他的失败原因。）
4）He took the machine apart to see what was wrong. （他把机器拆开，看看出了什么毛病。）
6.stimulate v. 刺激，激励
stimulation n. 刺激，激励
1）Praise stimulated the students to make greater efforts. （表扬激励学生作更大的努力。）
2）Exercise stimulates the flow of blood. （锻练促进血液循环。）
3）TV， if properly used， can stimulate a child's imagination. （电视如果使用适当能激发孩子的想像力。）
4）The intention of lowering interest rates is to stimulate the economy and develop industries.
（降低利率的打算是为了刺激经济，发展工业。）
5）Young children needs stimulation. （年幼的孩子需要激励。）
7.regardless adj. 不留心的，不注意的 adv. 不顾，不惜
1）He crushed the bloom with regardless tread. （他毫不在意一脚践踏了鲜花。）
2）There may be difficulties but I shall carry on regardless.
（可能会遇到种种困难，但不管怎样，我将继续干下去。）
3）I'm buying the book， regardless of the cost. （不管价钱如何，我都打算买下那本书。）
请注意区别regardless of 和in spite of
1）The plane will take off， regardless of the weather. （不管天气好坏，飞机都将起飞。）
2）The plane took off in spite of the bad weather. （尽管天气不好，飞机还是起飞了。）
8.disagreeable adj. 让人不愉快的，不合心意的；难相处的
disagree v. 不同意；不符；不适宜
1）She is disagreeable towards me. （她对我不友好。）
2）This medicine has a very disagreeable smell. （这药有一股很难闻的气味。）
3）I disagree with you on that point. （在那一点上我跟你意见不同。）
4）The damp weather disagrees with me. （潮湿的天气使我不舒服。）
9.failure n. 失败；变弱
fail v. 失败；变弱；使失望
1）His plans ended in failure. （他的计划以失败告终。）
2）The power failure caused heavy losses. （供电中断造成严重的损失。）
3）His carelessness resulted in his failure of the exam. （他的粗心致使他考试不及格。）
4）I failed in persuading him. （我没能说服他。）
5）His eyesight is failing. （他的视力在衰退。）
6）His courage failed him. （他失去了勇气。）
solve v. 解决
1）The loan was only a temporary solution to the country's financial difficulties.（借贷只能暂时解决这个国家的经济困难。）
2）After a day's careful thought， he came up with a good solution. （经过一天的仔细考虑，他才想出一个好办法。）
3）We should work together on the solution of our national problems. （我们应该一起解决我们国家的问题。）
4）I really don't know how to solve the problem. （我真不知道如何解决这个问题。）
5）They found a new way of solving the problem. （他们找到了解决这个问题的新办法。）
（请注意用solution这个名词时，通常用a solution to a problem表示“问题的解决办法。”。）
11.adapt v. 使适应，使适合；改写
1）We should adapt our thinking to the new conditions. （我们应该使自己的思想适应新的情况。）
2）Some animals will modify their behavior to adapt to their environment.
（一些动物改变它们的习性以适应环境。）
3）Can you adapt your way of thinking to the new life-style？ （你能使你的思想适应新的生活方式吗？）
4）They adapt a novel for the screen. （他们把小说改编为电影。）
请注意adapt 和adopt的区别，adopt意为“采用；收养”。
1）They are going to adopt new techniques in raising silkworms. （他们准备采用新的养蚕技术。）
2）A little girl was adopted into the family. （一个小女孩被收养为家庭一员。）
12. perfect adj. 完美的；完全的 v. 使完美，改善
1）He speaks perfect English. （他说一口地道的英语。）
2）The actor is perfect for the part. （由这位演员担任这一角色再理想不过了。）
3）He is in perfect health. （他身体十分健康。）
4）He is a perfect stranger. （他是个完全陌生的人。）
5）They decided to send their son to England to perfect his English.
（他们决定把儿子送到英国去提高他的英语水平。）
13. acceptable adj. 可以接受的
accept v. 接受
1）This proposal is acceptable to all. （这个建议大家都能接受。）
2）Tom received an acceptable marks on the test. （汤姆在测验中的分数尚可。）
3）Don't accept everything you see on TV as true. （别以为在电视上看到的一切都是真实的。）
4）I didn't expect him to accept my suggestion. （我没指望他接受我的建议。）
5）The plan has won wide acceptance among the people. （这个计划受到了人们的普通欢迎。）
6）He nodded in delighted acceptance. （他愉快地点头表示赞同。）
14. evidence n. 发现；（调查或研究）结果；根据
evident adj. 明显的
1）Do you have any evidence for this statement？ （你这样说有任何根据吗？）
2）There are evidences that somebody has been living here. （迹象表明有人一直住在这儿。）
3）It is evident that we do not understand each other. （显然，我们彼此不了解。）
4）He spoke with evident disappointment. （他带着明显的失望说话。）
5）We can say with good evidence that their work is one of the best.
（我们有充分的证据说明他们的工作是最好的。）
15. determine v. 决定；确定
determined adj. 下决心的
determination n. 决心；结论
1）He has determined on a course of action. （他已决定了行动计划。）
2）The police wanted to determine all the facts. （警察想查明全部事实。）
3）His father is determined to quit smoking. （他父亲决心戒烟。）
4）He made his determination after he read the test report. （他在看了化验报告后下了结论。）
5）Mr. Smith is a man of determination. （史密斯先生是个有决断力的人。）
16. growth n. 生长
grow v. 生长
1）The growth in tourism is really astonishing. （旅游业的发展实在令人惊异。）
2）The rapid growth of world population is creating more and more problems.
（世界人口的迅速发展带来了越来越多的问题。）
3）His hair has grown too long. （他的头发长得太长了。）
4）Friendship grew between them. （他们之间产生了友情。）
5）You will grow used to it. （你会渐渐对此习惯的。）
本课主要构词法
Affixation 词缀法
1. 形容词后缀 -able
disagreeable acceptable
2. 副词后缀 -ly
scientifically previously entirely frequently
3. 名词后缀 -ion
imagination solution
4. 反义词前缀 un-
unknown unpleasant
本课简介
在“Scientific Attitudes”这篇课文中，作者指出科学始于人类对周围环境的疑问。当人类具有去伪存真的能力时，科学也开始迅猛发展。好奇和想像是有助于推动科学发现和发展重要素质。作者还认为具有科学头脑的人相信“因果”关系。任何现象的存在必有原因，只是有些尚未被发现。思想开放、无偏见；尊重别人的观点；凡事以事实为依据都是科学的态度。
人物背景
1.Benjamin Franklin：富兰克林（1706－1790年），美国政治家及科学家。美国18世纪名列华盛顿后的最著名的人物，参加起草独立宣言。在科学方面进行过有名的电实验，并对电做了理论说明。只受过极短的正规教育，全靠勤奋自学成才。法国经济学家杜尔哥颂扬他“从天空抓到雷电，从专制统治者手中夺回权力”。
2.Thomas Edison：爱迪生（1847－1931年），美国发明家。技术历史中显著的天才之一，拥有白炽灯、留声机、电影放映机等1093种发明专利，还创办了世界上第一个工业研究实验室。
3.Galileo：伽利略（1564－1642年），意大利物理学家及天文学家。对现代科学思想的发展作出过重大贡献。最早用望远镜观察天体，并曾用大量事实证明地球环绕太阳转，否定地心说。
4.Louis Pasteur：巴斯德（1822－1895年）法国化学家及微生物学家。证明发酵及传染病是微生物引起的，创始并首先应用疫苗接种以预防狂犬病、鸡霍乱等，挽救了法、英等国的养蚕业和啤酒业。
5.Edward Jenner：金纳（1749－1823年），英国医生，牛痘接种法创始人。历经周折使牛痘接种法得以公认，并传播到欧美大陆及全世界，使天花的病死率大为下降。